BLG1501 - Basic Biology ASSIGNMENT 2.

BLG1501 - Basic Biology ASSIGNMENT 2. COMPARE THE FATE OF PYRUVATE IN ALCOHOL FERMENTATION AND LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION.  In both types of fermentation, no oxygen is needed. Glucose molecule are broken down into smaller pyruvate molecule and heat is released. four ATPs are produced resulting in a net gain of 2ATPs.  During alcohol fermentation, the pyruvate molecules are broken down into ethyl alcohol molecules and carbon dioxide molecule. During lactic acid fermentation, the pyruvate molecules are broken down into lactic acid molecules only.  Alcohol fermentation both ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide are produced. The carbon dioxide is needed to make baked goods so that they will puff up and ethyl alcohol is needed in the production of alcoholic beverages like beer and wine. This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :53:56 GMT -05:00 This study resource was shared via CourseH 4  During lactic acid fermentation, only lactic acid is produced. Products like yogurt and cheese need lactic acid to be produced. QUESTION 2 In sesame plants, the one-pod condition (P) is dominant to the three-pod condition (p). Normal leaf (L) is dominant to wrinkled leaf (l). A homozygote in one-pod condition and normal leave is crossed with a homozygote in three-pod condition and wrinkled leaves. Use a punnet square to predict the phenotypic ratio and genotypic ratios of the F2 generation. P- generation = PPLL crossed with ppll Gametes through meiosis = PL crossed with pl F1 – generation are all PLpl all purple F1-generation crossed with F1-generation Gametes formed by meiosis are PL, Pl, Pl and pl crossed with PL, Pl, Pl and pl F2 - generation Phenotype: 9 one pod normal; 3 three pod normal: 3 pod wrinkle: 1 three pod : wrinkle Phenotype ratio = 3: 1 Gametes PL Pl pL Pl PL PPLL PPLl PpLL PpLl Pl PPlL PPll PpLl Ppll pL PpLL PpLl ppLL ppLl pl ppLl Ppll ppLl Ppll This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :53:56 GMT -05:00 This study resource was shared via CourseH 5 QUESTION 3 3.1 LIST THE PHASES OF MEIOSIS I AND MEIOSIS II AND DESCRIBE THE EVENTS CHARACTERISTICS OF EACH PHASE. Meiosis I Prophase I – it is when the homologous chromosomes replicate. Metaphase I – chromosome arranged on metaphase plate. crossing over is completed. Microtubules are attached to kinetochore. Anaphase I – homologs separate. The homologs move toward opposite poles; sister chromatids move as a unit toward the same direction. Telophase I and Cytokinesis I – each chromosome is comprised of two sister chromatids. Cytokinesis usually takes place at the same time with telophase I, forming two haploid daughter cells. In animal cells a cleavage furrow occurs and in plant cells a cell plate forms. Meiosis II Prophase I – a spindle is formed. Metaphase II – chromosomes are on the metaphase plate as on meiosis. The two sister chromatids of each chromosome are not genetically identical because of the crossing over in meiosis I. kinetochores are attached to microtubules extending from opposite poles. Anaphase II – sister chromatids at the centromere separate. The chromatids move as individual chromosomes toward the opposite poles. Telophase II and Cytokinesis II – Nuclei are formed, the chromosomes begin to decondense and cytokinesis takes place. Four daughter cells are formed as a result of the meiotic division one parent cell. Each of the four daughter cell formed is haploid and genetically distinct from other daughter cells and from the parent cell. This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :53:56 GMT -05:00 This study resource was shared via CourseH 6 QUESTION 4 DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF RIBOSOMES. 4.1 Ribosomes- are a cell structure that makes protein. Protein is needed for many cell functions such as repairing damage or directing chemical process. Ribosomes can be found floating within the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. The ribosomes are made of protein and Ribonucleic acid (RNA) in almost equal amounts. The structure of a ribosome reflects its function of bringing mRNA together with tRNA’s carrying amino acids. The ribosome holds the tRNA and mRNA in close proximity and positions the new amino acids so that it can be added to the carboxyl end the growing polypeptide