Exam (elaborations) Test Bank for A Childs World 13th Edition by Martorell

TEST BANK with Complete Questions and Solutions. To clarify, this is the TEST BANK, not the textbook. You get immediate access to download your test bank. You will receive a complete test bank; in other words, all chapters will be there. Test banks come in PDF format; therefore, you do not need specialized software to open them. Exam (elaborations) Test Bank for A Childs World 13th Edition by Martorell Chapter 02 A Child's World: How We Discover It Multiple Choice Questions 1. A scientific theory is a set of A. logically related statements seeking to describe, explain, and predict human behavior. B. facts derived from research. C. predictions about future outcomes. D. opinions presented by a well-known authority in a field. refer to page 24 APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 2.1: Explain the purposes theories serve, and two basic issues on which developmental theorists differ. Learn Smart LO: Define scientific theory. 2. The statement, "If children learn aggression from models, then children who watch violent television shows should be more aggressive than children who watch nonviolent shows," is an example of a A. theory. B. finding. C. hypothesis. D. conclusion. refer to page 24 APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 2.1: Explain the purposes theories serve, and two basic issues on which developmental theorists differ. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of a hypothesis. full file at Full file at http://testbankassistant.CH/Test-Bank-for-A-Childs-World- 13th-Edition-by-Martorell 3. Before designing her research study, Dr. Bennett predicts that infants who have poor diets will have academic problems later in life. Dr. Bennett's prediction is an example of a(n) A. hypothesis. B. theory. C. interpretation. D. conclusion. refer to page 24 APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 2.1: Explain the purposes theories serve, and two basic issues on which developmental theorists differ. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of a hypothesis. 4. Which of the following statements is true of scientific theories? A. Theories are the possible explanations for phenomena. B. Theories can be proved, but never disproved. C. Theories change to incorporate new findings. D. Theories are based on assumptions that are true. refer to page 24 APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 2.1: Explain the purposes theories serve, and two basic issues on which developmental theorists differ. Learn Smart LO: Define scientific theory. 5. Which of the following is NOT one of the basic issues that theorists address when explaining child development? A. Assessing whether development is more influenced by heredity or by environment B. Determining whether children are active or passive in their own development C. Observing whether development is continuous or occurs in stages D. Viewing all development as culturally determined refer to page 25 APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 2.1: Explain the purposes theories serve, and two basic issues on which developmental theorists differ. Learn Smart LO: Recall the two basic issues that theorists make assumptions about in attempting to explain development. full file at Full file at http://testbankassistant.CH/Test-Bank-for-A-Childs-World- 13th-Edition-by-Martorell full file at Full file at http://testbankassistant.CH/Test-Bank-for-A-Childs-World- 13th-Edition-by-Martorell 6. At age 1, Suzi had a vocabulary of 10 words. Now, at 2 years of age, she has a vocabulary of over 100 words. This reflects a(n) _____ developmental change. A. autonomous B. bidirectional C. qualitative D. quantitative refer to page 26 APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 2.1: Explain the purposes theories serve, and two basic issues on which developmental theorists differ. Learn Smart LO: Recognize that mechanistic theorists deal with quantitative change. 7. __________ viewed human development as being shaped by unconscious forces. A. Sigmund Freud B. B. F. Skinner C. Jean Piaget D. John B. Watson refer to page 27 APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Recall the basic belief of Sigmund Freud. 8. Sigmund Freud believed that people are motivated primarily by A. extrinsic rewards. B. unconscious forces. C. anxiety. D. their environment. refer to page 27 APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Recall the basic belief of Sigmund Freud. full file at Full file at http://testbankassistant.CH/Test-Bank-for-A-Childs-World- 13th-Edition-by-Martorell 9. Armond argues that unconscious forces motivate people to behave the way they do. Armond's position is similar to the __________ perspective of development. A. information-processing B. cognitive C. ethological D. psychoanalytic refer to page 27 APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Recall the basic belief of Sigmund Freud. 10. According to Freud, the element of personality that operates under the pleasure principal is referred to as the A. libido. B. id. C. superego. D. ego. refer to pages 27-28 APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Distinguish between the three parts of the personality according to Freud. full file at Full file at http://testbankassistant.CH/Test-Bank-for-A-Childs-World- 13th-Edition-by-Martorell 11. Parents who are up all night attending to the almost insatiable demands of their newborn babies are often frustrated by infants' apparent tendency to operate on the "pleasure principle." The pleasure principle is associated with the A. id. B. ego. C. superego. D. ego ideal. refer to pages 27-28 APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Distinguish between the three parts of the personality according to Freud. 12. According to Freud, during the first year of life, the part of the personality that represents reason and operates on the "reality principle" becomes more evident in the baby's behavior. This is due to the development of the A. id. B. ego. C. superego. D. conscience. refer to pages 27-28 APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Distinguish between the three parts of the personality according to Freud. full file at Full file at http://testbankassistant.CH/Test-Bank-for-A-Childs-World- 13th-Edition-by-Martorell 13. Freud maintained that children develop in an unvarying sequence of five maturation-based stages of _____ development. A. psychosocial B. psychoanalytic C. unconscious D. psychosexual refer to page 29 APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Identify the five stages of psychosexual development according to Freud. 14. According to Freud, children move through five stages of psychosexual development. The sequence of these stages is A. anal, phallic, oral, latency, and, genital. B. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and, genital. C. anal, oral, genital, latency, and, phallic. D. oral, latency, genital, anal, and, phallic. refer to page 29 APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Identify the five stages of psychosexual development according to Freud. full file at Full file at http://testbankassistant.CH/Test-Bank-for-A-Childs-World- 13th-Edition-by-Martorell 15. According to Freud's theory, a 4-year-old child who has become attached to the parent of the other sex and regards the same-sex parent as a rival is considered to be in the __________ stage of psychosexual development. A. oral B. anal C. phallic D. latency refer to page 29 APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Describe Freud's phallic stage of psychosexual development. 16. Joseph hits his brother with a toy while playing and feels guilty about it afterwards. According to Freud, these feelings reflect the operation of the A. id. B. ego. C. superego. D. defense mechanism. refer to pages 27-29 APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Distinguish between the three parts of the personality according to Freud. full file at Full file at http://testbankassistant.CH/Test-Bank-for-A-Childs-World- 13th-Edition-by-Martorell 17. Keesha is worried that her mother will find out that she accidentally broke her brother's truck. She is starting to develop a conscience. Which of the following psychosexual stages includes our conception of a "conscience?" A. Id B. Ego C. Superego D. Libido refer to page 29 APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Distinguish between the three parts of the personality according to Freud. 18. Mrs. Dobber, a teacher, believes that fourth graders are at a stage of psychosexual development characterized by relative calm. Mrs. Dobber's students are in the _________ stage, which occurs during middle childhood. A. phallic B. superego C. latency D. generative refer to page 29 APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Describe Freud's latency stage of psychosexual development. full file at Full file at http://testbankassistant.CH/Test-Bank-for-A-Childs-World- 13th-Edition-by-Martorell 19. Each of Erikson's stages of development involves a psychosocial challenge, or _______, hat is important at a particular time. A. trauma B. crises C. historical event D. phase refer to page 31 APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Discuss Erikson's psychosocial theory of development. 20. A major distinction between Freud's and Erikson's views of development is that Erikson A. emphasized female development, whereas Freud emphasized male development. B. viewed development as a lifelong process, whereas Freud emphasized early experiences. C. focused on unconscious processes, whereas Freud emphasized conscious processes. D. emphasized biological factors, whereas Freud emphasized cultural factors. refer to page 31 APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Discuss Erikson's psychosocial theory of development. full file at Full file at http://testbankassistant.CH/Test-Bank-for-A-Childs-World- 13th-Edition-by-Martorell 21. As an assignment for a developmental psychology class, Darius interviewed his grandparents to learn more about their life experiences. In the interview, Darius learned that his grandparents view development as lifelong. The idea that personality development occurs throughout the life span is consistent with ______ theory. A. Freud's psychosexual B. Erikson's psychosocial C. Bandura's social learning D. Bowlby's ethological refer to page 31 APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Discuss Erikson's psychosocial theory of development. 22. In Erikson's theory of development, there are ___ stages of psychosocial development. A. 3 B. 5 C. 8 D. 12 refer to page 31 APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Discuss Erikson's psychosocial theory of development. full file at Full file at http://testbankassistant.CH/Test-Bank-for-A-Childs-World- 13th-Edition-by-Martorell 23. Compared to Freud's theory, Erikson placed greater emphasis on A. physical development. B. intellectual development. C. early experiences. D. social and cultural influences. refer to page 31 APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Discuss Erikson's psychosocial theory of development. 24. A long-lasting change in behavior as a result of experience or adaptation to the environment is called A. modification. B. cognition. C. learning. D. behaviorism. refer to page 31 APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Discuss perspective two: Learning. 25. Behaviorists look for events that will determine whether or not a particular behavior will be repeated. This mental link is referred to as A. associative learning. B. unconscious learning. C. intelligence. D. personality. refer to page 31 APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Recall associative learning. full file at Full file at http://testbankassistant.CH/Test-Bank-for-A-Childs-World- 13th-Edition-by-Martorell full file at Full file at http://testbankassistant.CH/Test-Bank-for-A-Childs-World- 13th-Edition-by-Martorell 26. Every time Tanya leaves 2-year-old Timmy at day care, Timmy cries. Tanya always hands Timmy to the same teacher. She notices that Timmy now starts to cry when he sees this teacher from a distance. Timmy's behavior is an example of A. classical conditioning. B. operant conditioning. C. social learning. D. negative reinforcement. refer to page 32 APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Recall classical conditioning. 27. Daniel was embarrassed by his coach for not making a basket during an important game. Since then, whenever he gets the ball and heads down the court, he gets an overwhelming feeling of anxiety that prevents him from thinking clearly when he tries to shoot the ball. This is an example of A. operant conditioning. B. classical conditioning. C. social learning. D. intermittent reinforcement. refer to page 32 APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Recall classical conditioning. full file at Full file at http://testbankassistant.CH/Test-Bank-for-A-Childs-World- 13th-Edition-by-Martorell 28. When John B. Watson trained "Little Albert" to be afraid of small furry animals, he used A. classical conditioning. B. negative reinforcement. C. shaping behavior. D. intermittent reinforcement. refer to page 32 APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Recall classical conditioning. 29. Mr. Whitford's fifth-grade students sit quietly and continue doing their work when Mr. Whitford leaves the room because he rewards them with more recess time if they do so. Learning based on association of behavior with consequences is called A. classical conditioning. B. operant conditioning. C. the pleasure principle. D. the reality principle. refer to page 32 APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Discuss Skinner's operant conditioning theory. full file at Full file at http://testbankassistant.CH/Test-Bank-for-A-Childs-World- 13th-Edition-by-Martorell 30. Marissa really wants to be in the school play but does not enjoy having to memorize lines. Two weeks before the play is scheduled, her father implements a reward system. As soon as Marissa learns her lines, she does not have to help with the dishes until the play is over. Marissa increases her efforts in practice and learns the lines thoroughly in two days. This is an example of A. classical conditioning. B. operant conditioning. C. social learning. D. psychodynamic learning. refer to page 32 APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Discuss Skinner's operant conditioning theory. 31. B. F. Skinner and other behaviorists maintain that human behavior is determined by A. defense mechanisms. B. self-actualization. C. unconscious conflicts. D. conditioning. refer to page 32 APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Discuss Skinner's operant conditioning theory. full file at Full file at http://testbankassistant.CH/Test-Bank-for-A-Childs-World- 13th-Edition-by-Martorell 32. _____ was the American psychologist who formulated the principles of operant conditioning while working with rats and pigeons. A. John B. Watson B. Sidney Pressey C. B. F. Skinner D. Ivan Pavlov refer to page 32 APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Discuss Skinner's operant conditioning theory. 33. Larry wants his daughter to put her seat belt on when she gets in the car, so he smiles and gives her a hug each time she does so. A consequence of any behavior that increases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated is called A. punishment. B. reinforcement. C. aversion. D. classical conditioning. refer to page 32 APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Describe reinforcement. full file