Subject: Anatomy
Organization of the Body
Morphology – study of parts and structure as it relates to function (physiology)
*function of a structure can often be determined by its design
Cells – basic living unit of the body
Intracellular fluid
-Potassium, magnesium, phosphate ions
Extracellular fluid (Internal environment)
-where the ions and nutrients needed by the cells to maintain life are found thus
forming the environment where all cells live =internal environment
-Sodium, chloride, bicarbonate ions, nutrients (oxygen, glucose, fatty acids and amino
acids)
Tissue – group of cells found throughout the body and serve the same function
Four basic classification of tissues: (ENCM)
• Epithelial tissue
• Nervous tissue
• Connective tissue
• Muscle tissue
Epithelial Tissue
• Functions: protection for the outer surface of the body and lines internal cavities and
passageways, and forms certain glands
• Found in the body in 2 forms:
o Membranous
▪ Outer layer of skin
▪ Inner lining of body cavities and lumina
▪ Covering of visceral organs
o Glandular
▪ Secretory portion of glands
Nervous Tissue
• Function: Helps coordinate movements via a complex motor control system
• 2 Main classes of cells:
o Neuron – conducting cells
▪ 3 main parts:
• Cell Body – contains the cytoplasm, organelles, and nucleus
• Dendrites – receives input from other neurons
, • Axon – transmits electrical signals traveling away from the cell
o Neuroglia (Glial cells) – supports the neurons
• Excitable
• Peripheral nerves
Connective Tissue
• Function: Provides structural and metabolic support for other tissues and organs of the body
• Found throughout the body
• Includes:
o Bones
o Cartilage
o Ligaments
o Tendons
o Blood Tissue
• Primary types:
o Macrophages – function as phagocytes to clean up debris
o Mast cells - release chemicals associated with inflammation
o Fibroblasts- principal cells of connective tissue
• Primary types are differentiated according to the extracellular matrix that binds the cells:
o embryonic connective tissue
o connective tissue proper
o cartilage and bone tissue
o blood tissue
• Classified further into:
o loose connective tissue
o dense, regular connective tissue
o dense, irregular connective tissue
o elastic connective tissue
o reticular connective tissue
▪ lymph nodes, red bone marrow, thymus, and spleen.
o adipose connective tissue
• Has a loose flexible matrix, called ground substance
• Fibroblast
o most common cell within the connective tissue proper
o produces collagen, elastin and reticulin
▪ Collagen- tensile strength
• extracellular matrix protein that plays a dominant role in maintaining
the structural integrity of various tissues and providing tensile strength
to tissues.
TYPE LOCATION
I Bone, skin, ligament and tendon
II Cartilage, nucleus pulposus
III Blood vessels, GI tract
Organization of the Body
Morphology – study of parts and structure as it relates to function (physiology)
*function of a structure can often be determined by its design
Cells – basic living unit of the body
Intracellular fluid
-Potassium, magnesium, phosphate ions
Extracellular fluid (Internal environment)
-where the ions and nutrients needed by the cells to maintain life are found thus
forming the environment where all cells live =internal environment
-Sodium, chloride, bicarbonate ions, nutrients (oxygen, glucose, fatty acids and amino
acids)
Tissue – group of cells found throughout the body and serve the same function
Four basic classification of tissues: (ENCM)
• Epithelial tissue
• Nervous tissue
• Connective tissue
• Muscle tissue
Epithelial Tissue
• Functions: protection for the outer surface of the body and lines internal cavities and
passageways, and forms certain glands
• Found in the body in 2 forms:
o Membranous
▪ Outer layer of skin
▪ Inner lining of body cavities and lumina
▪ Covering of visceral organs
o Glandular
▪ Secretory portion of glands
Nervous Tissue
• Function: Helps coordinate movements via a complex motor control system
• 2 Main classes of cells:
o Neuron – conducting cells
▪ 3 main parts:
• Cell Body – contains the cytoplasm, organelles, and nucleus
• Dendrites – receives input from other neurons
, • Axon – transmits electrical signals traveling away from the cell
o Neuroglia (Glial cells) – supports the neurons
• Excitable
• Peripheral nerves
Connective Tissue
• Function: Provides structural and metabolic support for other tissues and organs of the body
• Found throughout the body
• Includes:
o Bones
o Cartilage
o Ligaments
o Tendons
o Blood Tissue
• Primary types:
o Macrophages – function as phagocytes to clean up debris
o Mast cells - release chemicals associated with inflammation
o Fibroblasts- principal cells of connective tissue
• Primary types are differentiated according to the extracellular matrix that binds the cells:
o embryonic connective tissue
o connective tissue proper
o cartilage and bone tissue
o blood tissue
• Classified further into:
o loose connective tissue
o dense, regular connective tissue
o dense, irregular connective tissue
o elastic connective tissue
o reticular connective tissue
▪ lymph nodes, red bone marrow, thymus, and spleen.
o adipose connective tissue
• Has a loose flexible matrix, called ground substance
• Fibroblast
o most common cell within the connective tissue proper
o produces collagen, elastin and reticulin
▪ Collagen- tensile strength
• extracellular matrix protein that plays a dominant role in maintaining
the structural integrity of various tissues and providing tensile strength
to tissues.
TYPE LOCATION
I Bone, skin, ligament and tendon
II Cartilage, nucleus pulposus
III Blood vessels, GI tract
