Exam (elaborations) NSG 6420-Adult-Geriatrics Test Questions (2)

NSG 6420-Adult-Geriatrics Test Questions (2) Question : The major impact of the physiological changes that occur with aging is: Student Answer: Reduced physiological reserve Reduced homeostatic mechanisms Impaired immunological response All of the above Instructor Explanation: The major impact of all of these physiological changes can be highlighted with three primary points. First, there is a reduced physiological reserve of most body systems, particularly cardiac, respiratory, and renal. Second, there are reduced homeostatic mechanisms that fail to adjust regulatory systems such as temperature control and fluid and electrolyte balance. Third, there is impaired immunological function: infection risk is greater, and autoimmune diseases are more prevalent. (Kennedy-Malone 3) Kennedy-Malone, Laurie, Kathleen Fletcher, Lori Martin-Plank. Advanced Practice Nursing in the Care of Older Adults. F.A. Davis Company, 2014- 01-14. VitalBook file. Points Received: 2 of 2 Comments: Question 2 . Question : Men have faster and more efficient biotransformation of drugs and this is thought to be due to: Student Answer: Less obesity rates than women Prostate enlargement Testosterone - MultipleChoice 1 True 0 - MultipleChoice 1 NSG 6420 ADULT GERIATRICS TEST QUESTIONS (2) 157 Pages Less estrogen than women Instructor Explanation: Men have faster and more efficient biotransformation, presumably because of serum testosterone. Conditions of increased or decreased liver perfusion alter the overall level of the drug that is absorbed and how it is metabolized. (Kennedy-Malone 5) Kennedy-Malone, Laurie, Kathleen Fletcher, Lori Martin-Plank. Advanced Practice Nursing in the Care of Older Adults. F.A. Davis Company, 2014- 01-14. VitalBook file. Points Received: 2 of 2 Comments: Question 3 . Question : The cytochrome p system involves enzymes that are generally: Student Answer: Inhibited by drugs Induced by drugs Inhibited or induced by drugs Associated with decreased liver perfusion Instructor Explanation: Biotransformation occurs in all body tissues but primarily in the liver, where enzymatic activity (cytochrome P [CYP] system) alters and detoxifies the drug and prepares it for excretion. (Kennedy-Malone 5) Kennedy-Malone, Laurie, Kathleen Fletcher, Lori Martin-Plank. Advanced Practice Nursing in the Care of Older Adults. F.A. Davis Company, . VitalBook file. Points Received: 2 of 2 Comments: - MultipleChoice 2 True 0 - MultipleChoice 2 - MultipleChoice 3 True Question 4 . Question : Functional abilities are best assessed by: Student Answer: Self-report of function Observed assessment of function A comprehensive head-to-toe examination Family report of function Instructor Explanation: Two well-established tools used to evaluate function in older adults are the Katz Activities of Daily Living Scale (Katz et al., 1963) and the Lawton and Brody scale for Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (Lawton & Brody, 1969). It is important to be cautious about self-report of function (rather than direct observation of function) and to ask, “Do you …?” instead of “Can you …?” in order to determine if patients actually perform the activity. (Kennedy-Malone 40) Kennedy-Malone, Laurie, Kathleen Fletcher, Lori Martin-Plank. Advanced Practice Nursing in the Care of Older Adults. F.A. Davis Company, 2014- 01-14. VitalBook file. Points Received: 2 of 2 Comments: Question 5 . Question : Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) is classified as a microcytic, hypochromic anemia. This classification refers to which of the following laboratory data? Student Answer: Hemoglobin and Hematocrit Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) 0 - MultipleChoice 3 - MultipleChoice 4 True 0 - MultipleChoice 4 Serum ferritin and serum iron Total iron binding capacity and transferrin saturation Instructor Explanation: RBC indices reveal an MCV (mean corpuscular volume/RBC size) that will be decreased to 80 fL in adults; MCH (mean corpuscular hemoglobin/RBC color) will show hypochromia or pale cells; RBC distribution width (RDW)/volume variation will be increased. (Kennedy-Malone page 519) Kennedy-Malone, Laurie, Kathleen Fletcher, Lori Martin-Plank. Advanced Practice Nursing in the Care of Older Adults. F.A. Davis Company, . VitalBook file. Points Received: 0 of 2 Comments: Question 6 . Question : When interpreting laboratory data, you would expect to see the following in a patient with Anemia of Chronic Disease (ACD): Student Answer: Hemoglobin 12 g/dl, MCV decreased, MCH decreased Hemoglobin 12 g/dl, MCV increased, MCH increased Hemoglobin 12 g/dl, MCV normal, MCH normal Hemoglobin 12 g/dl, MCV decreased, MCH increased Instructor Explanation: Hemoglobin (Hgb): 12 g/dL (120 g/L) women 13 g/dL (130 g/L) men Rarely 10 g/dL (100 g/L) Mean corpuscular volume: 80–96 mcm3 (normocytic) Mean corpuscular hemoglobin Normochromic (normal color) RBC distribution width: normal (Kennedy-Malone page 517) Kennedy-Malone, Laurie, Kathleen Fletcher, Lori Martin-Plank. Advanced Practice Nursing in the Care of Older Adults. F.A. Davis Company, . VitalBook file. - MultipleChoice 5 False 0 - MultipleChoice 5 Points Received: 0 of 2 Comments: Question 7 . Question : The pathophysiological hallmark of ACD is: Student Answer: Depleted iron stores Impaired ability to use iron stores Chronic uncorrectable bleeding Reduced intestinal absorption of iron Instructor Explanation: The pathophysiological hallmark of ACD is a disregulation of iron homeostasis, characterized by an increased uptake and retention of iron within the cells of the reticuloendothelial system (liver/spleen), resulting in decreased RBC production. Essentially, iron is present but inaccessible for use in the production of Hgb with the erythrocytes (Bross et al., 2010). A shortened RBC survival is also a contributing factor to ACD. (Kennedy- Malone page 516-517) Kennedy-Malone, Laurie, Kathleen Fletcher, Lori Martin-Plank. Advanced Practice Nursing in the Care of Older Adults. F.A. Davis Company, 2014- 01-14. VitalBook file. Points Received: 0 of 2 Comments: Question 8 . Question : The main focus of treatment of patients with ACD is: Student Answer: Replenishing iron stores - MultipleChoice 6 False 0 - MultipleChoice 6 - MultipleChoice 7 False 0 - MultipleChoice 7 Providing for adequate nutrition high in iron Management of the underlying disorder Administration of monthly vitamin B12 injections Instructor Explanation: Treatment: Treatment of ACD focuses on management of the underlying disorder. Iron supplementation is of no benefit in ACD, except in cases of coexisting IDA. A therapeutic trial of iron supplementation of no longer than 1 month may be useful in delineating between ACD and IDA. In ACD, there would be no hematological response to iron therapy (Chen & Gandhi, 2004). (Kennedy-Malone page 518) Kennedy-Malone, Laurie, Kathleen Fletcher, Lori Martin-Plank. Advanced Practice Nursing in the Care of Older Adults. F.A. Davis Company, 2014- 01-14. VitalBook file. Points Received: 2 of 2 Comments: Question 9 . Question : In addition to the complete blood count (CBC) with differential, which of the following laboratory tests is considered to be most useful in diagnosing ACD and IDA? Student Answer: Serum iron Total iron binding capacity Transferrin saturation Serum ferritin Instructor Explanation: Treatment: Treatment of ACD focuses on management of the underlying disorder. Iron supplementation is of no benefit in ACD, except in cases of coexisting IDA. A therapeutic trial of iron supplementation of no longer than 1 month may be useful in delineating between ACD and IDA. In ACD, there would be no hematological response to iron therapy (Chen & Gandhi, 2004). - MultipleChoice 8 True 0 - MultipleChoice 8 (Kennedy-Malone page 518) Kennedy-Malone, Laurie, Kathleen Fletcher, Lori Martin-Plank. Advanced Practice Nursing in the Care of Older Adults. F.A. Davis Company, 2014- 01-14. VitalBook file. Points Received: 2 of 2 Comments: Question 10 . Question : Symptoms in the initial human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection include all of the following except: Student Answer: Sore throat Fever Weight loss Headache Instructor Explanation: Signal symptoms: The initial HIV infection is characterized by mononucleosis-like illness with fever, sore throat, lymphadenopathy, headache, and fatigue. A roseola-like rash may also develop. These initial symptoms are followed by an asymptomatic phase, which may last 10 years or more. Later, if untreated, lymphadenopathy, weight loss, myalgias, and diarrhea may develop (Cohen, Kuritzkes, & Sax, 2011). In advanced disease, malignancies and opportunistic infections occur. Co-infection with hepatitis B or C is common (25% to 30%) in IV drug users, so hepatitis symptoms may also appear (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2010a). (Kennedy-Malone page 521) Kennedy-Malone, Laurie, Kathleen Fletcher, Lori Martin-Plank. Advanced Practice Nursing in the Care of Older Adults. F.A. Davis Company, 2014-01- 14. VitalBook file. Points Received: 0 of 2 - MultipleChoice 9 True 0 - MultipleChoice 9 Comments: Question 11 . Question : Essential parts of a health history include all of the following except: Student Answer: Chief complaint History of the present illness Current vital signs All of the above are essential history components Instructor Explanation: Vital signs are part of the physical examination portion of patient assessment, not part of the health history. Points Received: 2 of 2 Comments: Question 12 . Question : Which of the following clinical reasoning tools is defined as evidence-based resource based on mathematical modeling to express the likelihood of a condition in select situations, settings, and/or patients? Student Answer: Clinical practice guideline Clinical decision rule Clinical algorithm Clinical recommendation Instructor Clinical decision (or prediction) rules provide another support for clinical - MultipleChoice 10 False 0 - MultipleChoice 10 - MultipleChoice 11 True 0 - MultipleChoice 11 Explanation: reasoning. Clinical decision rules are evidence-based resources that provide probabilistic statements regarding the likelihood that a condition exists if certain variables are met with regard to the prognosis of patients with specific findings. Decision rules use mathematical models and are specific to certain situations, settings, and/or patient characteristics. Goolsby page 7 Points Received: 2 of 2 Comments: Question 13 . Question : The first step in the genomic assessment of a patient is obtaining information regarding: Student Answer: Family history Environmental exposures Lifestyle and behaviors Current medications Instructor Explanation: A critical first step in genomic assessment, including assessment of risk, is the use of family history. Family history is considered the first genetic screen (Berry & Shooner 2004) and is a critical component of care because it reflects shared genetic susceptibilities, shared environment, and common behaviors (Yoon, Scheuner, & Khoury 2003). Goolsby page 18 Points Received: 2 of 2 Comments: Question 14 . Question : In autosomal recessive (AR) disorders, individuals need: Student Answer: Only one mutated gene on the sex chromosomes to acquire the disease - MultipleChoice 12 True 0 - MultipleChoice 12 - MultipleChoice 13 True 0 - MultipleChoice 13 Only one mutated gene to acquire the disease Two mutated genes to acquire the disease Two mutated genes to become carriers Instructor Explanation: In autosomal recessive (AR) disorders, the offspring inherits the condition by receiving one copy of the gene mutation from each of the parents. Autosomal recessive disorders must be inherited through both parents (Nussbaum et al. 2007). Individuals who have an AR disorder have two mutated genes, one on each locus of the chromosome. Parents of an affected person are called carriers because each carries one copy of the mutation on one chromosome and a normal gene on the other chromosome. Carriers typically are not affected by the disease. Goolsby page 28 Points Received: 0 of 2 Comments: Question 15 . Question : In AR disorders, carriers have: Student Answer: Two mutated genes; two from one parent that cause disease A mutation on a sex chromosome that causes a disease A single gene mutation that causes the disease One copy of a gene mutation but not the disease Instructor Explanation: Individuals who have an AR disorder have two mutated genes, one on each allele of the chromosome. Parents of an affected person are called carriers because each parent carries one copy of the mutation on one chromosome and a normal gene on the other chromosome. Carriers typically are not affected by the disease. In pedigrees with an AR inheritance patterns, males and females will be equally affected because the gene mutation is on an autosome. Goolsby page 28 Points Received: 2 of 2 - MultipleChoice 14 False 0 - MultipleChoice 14 Comments: Question 16 . Question : A woman with an X-linked dominant disorder will: Student Answer: Not be affected by the disorder herself Transmit the disorder to 50% of her offspring (male or female) Not transmit the disorder to her daughters Transmit the disorder to only her daughters Instructor Explanation: Everyone born with an X-linked dominant disorder will be affected with the disease. Transmission of the disorder to the next generation varies by gender, however. A woman will transmit the mutation to 50% of all her offspring (male or female). Goolsby page 29 Points Received: 0 of 2 Comments: Question 17 . Question