Foundations Exam #1 Study Guide ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECT FALL-2021 SOLUTION GUARANTEED GRADE A+

1. Beginning of Civilization • Illness caused by sin and god’s displeasure • Temples were centers of medical care • Priest as physician • Nurse viewed as a slave carrying out menial tasks 2. Middle Ages • Nursing develops purpose, direction, and leadership 3. 16th Century • Focus on religion replaced by warfare • Expansion of knowledge • Shortage of nurses, criminals recruited • Nursing considered disreputable 4. 18-19th Century • Hospital schools organized • Female nurses under control of male hospital administration • Male dominance of healthcare • Nursing becomes respected • Modern methods in nursing education founded • Florence Nightingale 5. World War II • Explosion of knowledge in medicine and technology • Upgrade nursing education • Women more assertive and independent 6. 1950s to Present • Varied healthcare settings • Healthcare not just in one place • Growth of nursing as a profession IMPORTANT PEOPLE Florence Nightingale • Founder of professional nursing. Gave nursing a status. • Recognized health and illness as two components of nursing. • Believed nursing is separate and distinct from medicine • Instituted recreational and occupational therapy • Maintained accurate records • Founded nursing education Dorothea Dix • Changed thoughts about the mentally ill Clara Barton • Established the Red Cross Lillian Wald • Founder of public health nursing IMPORTANT TERMS The Science of Nursing- The knowledge base for care that is provided The Art of Nursing- The skilled application of knowledge Aims of nursing • To promote health • To prevent illness • To restore health • To facilitate coping Nursing Process • Integrates the art and science of nursing and is one of the major guidelines for nursing practice. • Steps (ADPIE) o Assessment- collect and organize data o Diagnosis- analyze data and identify nursing diagnosis o Planning-prioritize, identify, intervene, document plan of care o Implementation- carry out, document o Evaluation- client outcomes, revise plan as needed GOVERNMENT ESTABLISHMENTS AND ORGANIZATIONS • Nurse Practice Acts o Define the legal scope of nursing o Exclude untrained/unlicensed people from practicing nursing o Create a state board of nursing o Defined by law and different in different states o Make and enforce rules and regulations o Criteria for education • ANA o Established standards for clinical nursing practice o Their standards ensure knowledgeable, safe, and comprehensive nursing care • NLN o Foster the development and improvement of nursing services and nursing education. o Nursing education • AACN o Baccalaureate and higher degree nursing education o Influencing nursing profession to improve healthcare, and promote public support of higher education in nursing. • NSNA o National organization for students enrolled in nursing education programs Chapter 2 IMPORTANT TERMS Culture • Shared system of beliefs, values, and behavioral expectations • Provides a social structure for daily living • Defines roles and interactions with others Subculture • Large group of people who are members of a larger cultural group. They have characteristics not common to the larger culture. Cultural Assimilation • Minorities within a dominant group lose the characteristics that made them different. Their values are replaced by those from the dominant culture. Culture Shock • Feelings experienced when placed in a different culture. Discomfort or disturbances. Ethnicity • Sense of identification with a collective cultural group. Largely based on common heritage. Race • Based on specific characteristics (skin pigmentation, body stature, facial features) • American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian, Black, Native Hawaiian, White Stereotyping • Assuming that all members of a culture act alike Cultural Imposition • Belief that everyone should conform to the majority belief system Cultural Blindness • Ignores differences and proceeds as if they do not exist Culture Conflict • People become aware of differences and feel threatened. They respond by ridiculing beliefs and traditions of others. Ethnocentrism • Belief that ones own ideas, beliefs, and practice are the best or superior COMMON HEALTH PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH CULTURE American Indians and Alaska Natives • Heart Disease, Cirrhosis of the liver, Diabetes, Fetal alcohol syndrome African Americans • Hypertension, Stroke, Sickle Cell Anemia, Lactose Intolerance, Thalassemia Asian/Pacific Islanders • Hypertension, Cancer of the liver, Lactose Intolerance, Thalassemia Hispanics • Diabetes, Lactose Intolerance Whites • Breast Cancer, Heart Disease, Hypertension, Diabetes, Obesity COMMON BELIEFS ASSOCIATED WITH CULTURE White Middle Class • Youth valued over age • Over-use of over-the-counter medications • Anorexia more common African American • Matriarchal • Present oriented • Religious authorities highly respected • May still use various folk-healing practices and home remedies Asian • Welfare of family valued above the person • Ancestors respected • Balance in all things, good health is achieved through proper balance of yin and yang. • Diseases and foods classified as hot or cold • Herbs, diet, hot and cold therapy • Self-Respect and self control, respect for authority • Praise for self and others considered poor manners • No eye contact Hispanic • Familial role is important • Folk healers • Secret to good health is to balance hot and cold within the body. Cold disease cured with hot treatment. • Oldest male is most respected. Age first, then gender. • Illness is punishment from God. Puerto Rican • Difficult to accept teamwork • Close-mouthed about personal affairs • Little attention given to time of day • Ataques Native American • Grandparents most respected • Medicine men used • Heavy use of herbs, meditation, heat, and massage • Present oriented • High respect given to someone who gives to others. • Family expected to be apart of the nursing care plan • Note taking taboo • Low tone of voice respectful • Instinct should be used Hawaiian • Ohana- extended familities are jointly involved in childrearing • Ancient Hawaiian medical practitioner, folk healing • Preventative medicine • Plants and minerals • Present oriented. Lifestyle more important than healthcare. Appalachian • Elderly are most respected providers • Folk healer, herbs • Elderly may be skeptical of modern healthcare • Family members remain with patient • Fatalistic about losses and death • Isolation is accepted as a way of life Chapter 5 IMPORTANT TERMS Sources of Knowledge • Traditional- Passed on from generation to generation • Authoritative- comes from an expert • Scientific- arrived at through the scientific method Process Theory • A series of actions, changes, or functions intended to bring about a desired result • Group of concepts that describe a pattern of reality • A Statement that explains a process, an occurrence, or an event and is based on observed facts Concept • Abstract impressions organized into symbols of reality. Describes objects, properties, and events and relationships among them. Conceptual Framework Model • A group of concepts that follow an understandable pattern Deductive Reasoning • Examines general ideas and considers specific actions or ideas Inductive Reasoning • Builds from specific ideas or actions to conclusions about general ideas THEORIES General Systems Theory • Theory for universal application. Describes how to break whole things into parts then to learn how parts work together in systems Adaptation Theory • Adjustment of living matter to other living things and environment. Involves Internal, Social, and Physical. Developmental Theory • Orderly and predictable growth and development beginning with conception and ending with death • Erikson o Psychosocial development o Interaction o 8 stages of life • Maslow’s theory of human needs o 5 levels of need  1. Physiologic; Survival. Need food, fluids, oxygen, etc.  2. Safety; Things necessary for physical safety  3. Love; Family and significant others  4. Self-Esteem; Things that make people feel good about themselves  5. Self-Actualization; need to grow, change, and accomplish goals. NURSING RESEARCH Quantitative Research • Involves concepts of basic and applied research • Types o Descriptive- explore and describe events in real-life situations o Correlational- relationships between two or more variables o Quasi-Experimental- cause and effect relationships between variables o Experimental- cause and effect relationships between variables under highly controlled conditions. Lab setting. • Steps of Quantitative Research o State the problem o Define the purpose of the study o Review related literature o Formulate hypotheses and variables o Select research design o Select population and sample o Collect Data o Analyze Data o Communicate findings and conclusions • Important Terms o Variable  Dependent and Independent o Hypothesis, Data, Instruments Qualitative • Conducted to gain insight by discovering meanings • Based on the belief that reality is based on various and differing perceptions • Types o Phenomenology- describe experiences as they are lived by the subjects being studied. o Grounded Theory- discovery of how people describe their own reality an