Carbohydrates & Lipids
CARBOHYDRATES & LIPIDS............................................................................................................................ 1
CARBOHYDRATES.......................................................................................................................................... 2
BIOCHEMICAL ROLES OF CARBS:..................................................................................................................................2
BASIC COMPOSITION:................................................................................................................................................2
CLASSIFICATION:.......................................................................................................................................................2
NAMING MONOSACCHARIDES BASED ON CHEMISTRY & STRUCTURE..................................................................................2
Functional Group:...........................................................................................................................................2
Number of Carbons:........................................................................................................................................3
FISCHER PROJECTION OF MONOSACCHARIDES................................................................................................................3
CHIRAL CARBON:......................................................................................................................................................3
STEREOCHEMISTRY -> ISOMERS...................................................................................................................................3
Types of stereoisomers:..................................................................................................................................3
CYCLIC FORM OF CARBOHYDRATES:..............................................................................................................................3
Cyclic sugars:...................................................................................................................................................4
DRAWING CYCLIC STRUCTURES:...................................................................................................................................4
Anomeric ring forms:......................................................................................................................................5
Monosacc. Prefer cyclic forms in aqueous solution But cyclization is reversible............................................5
Why does the predominate?...........................................................................................................................5
MONOSACCHARIDE DERIVATIVES:...............................................................................................................................6
REDUCING SUGARS...................................................................................................................................................6
How to locate anomeric carbon:.....................................................................................................................6
How do we determine if a sugar is a reducing sugar?....................................................................................7
STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF DISACCHARIDES:...............................................................................................................7
Maltose:..........................................................................................................................................................7
Lactose:...........................................................................................................................................................7
Sucrose:...........................................................................................................................................................7
O-glycosidic bonds – Formation & Naming....................................................................................................7
REDUCING & NON-REDUCING DISACCHARIDES:..............................................................................................................8
Maltose:..........................................................................................................................................................8
Lactose & Sucrose:..........................................................................................................................................8
POLYSACCHARIDES:...................................................................................................................................................8
Starch:.............................................................................................................................................................8
Glycogen:........................................................................................................................................................9
Structural Polysaccharides:.............................................................................................................................9
POLYSACCHARIDE DERIVATIVES:...................................................................................................................................9
GLYCOPROTEIN FORMATION.......................................................................................................................................9
Glycoprotein Functions:................................................................................................................................10
PROTEOGLYCANS:...................................................................................................................................................10
LIPIDS......................................................................................................................................................... 10
FATTY ACIDS..........................................................................................................................................................10
Structure and chemistry of Fatty Acids:........................................................................................................10
Elongation of Fatty Acids:.............................................................................................................................11
Arachidonic acid – Conditionally essential FA in our body...........................................................................11
TRIACYLGLYCEROLS (TAG).......................................................................................................................................12
Structure:......................................................................................................................................................12
Location, Importance and Function:.............................................................................................................13
Saponification......................................................................................................................................................... 13
1
, Carbohydrates & Lipids
Carbohydrates
Biochemical roles of carbs:
- Energy
- Structural support
- Protection
- Recognition
Basic Composition:
‘hydrates (H20) of carbon (C)’
Molecular Formula: (CH20)n
Where n= number of carbon (n>3<=7)
Plants make carbs:
- Photosynthesis, store energy in glucose (most common monosaccharide)
Classification:
- Monosaccharides:
o 1 sugar unit, can’t be broken down (glucose, fructose etc. )
- Disaccharides:
o 2 monosaccharide units. Can be same mono unit or 2 different mono units.
- Polysaccharides:
o Many monos. Can be linear (all same mono unit), or branched (can be
different monos)
Naming monosaccharides based on Chemistry &
Structure
Named based on:
- Functional group and
- Number of Carbons
- Functional Group:
- Aldehydes:
- C=O (Carbonyl group) on C1.
- Name begins with ‘Aldo’
Ketones
- C=0 not on C1.
- Name begins with ‘Keto’
2
CARBOHYDRATES & LIPIDS............................................................................................................................ 1
CARBOHYDRATES.......................................................................................................................................... 2
BIOCHEMICAL ROLES OF CARBS:..................................................................................................................................2
BASIC COMPOSITION:................................................................................................................................................2
CLASSIFICATION:.......................................................................................................................................................2
NAMING MONOSACCHARIDES BASED ON CHEMISTRY & STRUCTURE..................................................................................2
Functional Group:...........................................................................................................................................2
Number of Carbons:........................................................................................................................................3
FISCHER PROJECTION OF MONOSACCHARIDES................................................................................................................3
CHIRAL CARBON:......................................................................................................................................................3
STEREOCHEMISTRY -> ISOMERS...................................................................................................................................3
Types of stereoisomers:..................................................................................................................................3
CYCLIC FORM OF CARBOHYDRATES:..............................................................................................................................3
Cyclic sugars:...................................................................................................................................................4
DRAWING CYCLIC STRUCTURES:...................................................................................................................................4
Anomeric ring forms:......................................................................................................................................5
Monosacc. Prefer cyclic forms in aqueous solution But cyclization is reversible............................................5
Why does the predominate?...........................................................................................................................5
MONOSACCHARIDE DERIVATIVES:...............................................................................................................................6
REDUCING SUGARS...................................................................................................................................................6
How to locate anomeric carbon:.....................................................................................................................6
How do we determine if a sugar is a reducing sugar?....................................................................................7
STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF DISACCHARIDES:...............................................................................................................7
Maltose:..........................................................................................................................................................7
Lactose:...........................................................................................................................................................7
Sucrose:...........................................................................................................................................................7
O-glycosidic bonds – Formation & Naming....................................................................................................7
REDUCING & NON-REDUCING DISACCHARIDES:..............................................................................................................8
Maltose:..........................................................................................................................................................8
Lactose & Sucrose:..........................................................................................................................................8
POLYSACCHARIDES:...................................................................................................................................................8
Starch:.............................................................................................................................................................8
Glycogen:........................................................................................................................................................9
Structural Polysaccharides:.............................................................................................................................9
POLYSACCHARIDE DERIVATIVES:...................................................................................................................................9
GLYCOPROTEIN FORMATION.......................................................................................................................................9
Glycoprotein Functions:................................................................................................................................10
PROTEOGLYCANS:...................................................................................................................................................10
LIPIDS......................................................................................................................................................... 10
FATTY ACIDS..........................................................................................................................................................10
Structure and chemistry of Fatty Acids:........................................................................................................10
Elongation of Fatty Acids:.............................................................................................................................11
Arachidonic acid – Conditionally essential FA in our body...........................................................................11
TRIACYLGLYCEROLS (TAG).......................................................................................................................................12
Structure:......................................................................................................................................................12
Location, Importance and Function:.............................................................................................................13
Saponification......................................................................................................................................................... 13
1
, Carbohydrates & Lipids
Carbohydrates
Biochemical roles of carbs:
- Energy
- Structural support
- Protection
- Recognition
Basic Composition:
‘hydrates (H20) of carbon (C)’
Molecular Formula: (CH20)n
Where n= number of carbon (n>3<=7)
Plants make carbs:
- Photosynthesis, store energy in glucose (most common monosaccharide)
Classification:
- Monosaccharides:
o 1 sugar unit, can’t be broken down (glucose, fructose etc. )
- Disaccharides:
o 2 monosaccharide units. Can be same mono unit or 2 different mono units.
- Polysaccharides:
o Many monos. Can be linear (all same mono unit), or branched (can be
different monos)
Naming monosaccharides based on Chemistry &
Structure
Named based on:
- Functional group and
- Number of Carbons
- Functional Group:
- Aldehydes:
- C=O (Carbonyl group) on C1.
- Name begins with ‘Aldo’
Ketones
- C=0 not on C1.
- Name begins with ‘Keto’
2
