ENG2601 EXAM PACK 2021.

ENG2601 EXAM PACK 2021. COHESIVE ESSAY: it does not have a set number of paragraphs. The writer uses as many long and short paragraphs. In other words, it has no body. It only has an introduction and a conclusion. COHESIVE DEVICES: these are sometimes called linking words, linkers, and discourse markers. Words like “for example”, “however”, “nevertheless”. They also refer to conjunctions, connectives and pronouns. They are used to link parts of a piece of writing. DISCOURSE MARKERS: these are words/phrases like ‘anyway’, ‘right’ or ‘okay’. They are used to express attitude. REGISTER: characterized by differences in the type of language usage according to situation or relationship. LINGUISTIC FEATURES: this includes register, dialect, slang, jargon, tense aspect, idiomatic expressions, proverbs etc. PERSUASIVE FEATURES: these include the use of emotive language. These are positive words e.g. “inspire”, “fascinates”, “enjoy” etc. It also makes use of adjectives e.g. ‘beautiful’, ‘smart’, ‘intelligent’ etc. It can also use contrast, figurative language, and hyperbole, the use of jargon/buzzwords, the use of questions, and use of irony among others. DIFFERENT LANGUAGE FEATURES/ PARTS OF SPEECH Metaphors…..this is a direct comparison without the use of ‘as’ or ‘like’ e.g. “He is a tiger”, “she is a flower”. Similes….this is also comparison but it uses words such as ‘like’ or ‘as’ e.g. “She is like a flower”, “he is like a baboon”. Conjunctions: these are words that are used to join sentences and phrases together. E.g. and, but, because, hence, since, also, therefore etc. Verbs…these are words of action or in basic terms, a verb is a doing word e.g. ‘walk’, ‘run’, ‘ ‘dance’ etc. Adverbs: these are words that tell us more about a verb, e.g. she ate HUNGRILY, He wept BITTERLY. Nouns: these are names of anything. We have 4 types of nouns which are, proper nouns, collective nouns, abstract nouns and common nouns Common nouns: refer to general things or objects, e.g. table, chair, car, house, donkey etc. Proper nouns: they refer to names of people and places Abstract nouns: they refer to people’s emotions e.g. anger, jealous, pride etc. They are things that we cannot see or touch but we just experience or feel them. Collective nouns: refers to a collection of things e.g. a bunch of bananas, a troop of soldiers, a gang of thieves etc. Pronouns: they take the place of a noun. Euphemism: this is whereby a writer uses a lighter word in place of one which has got some heavy connotations. E.g. instead of saying, he has died, one can say, he has passed on. Preposition: this is a word use to link nouns, pronouns to other words within a sentence. They are usually placed in front of nouns. Examples are words like, after, in, onto, besides etc. Adjectives: these are words that tell us more about a noun e.g., beautiful, smart, dull etc. Any colour is also an adjective. Synonyms: these are words that mean the same but spelt differently Homophones: these are words that are pronounced the same but have different meanings e.g. knew and new, see and sea, not and knot, made and maid, tell and tale etc. Homonyms : these are two words that are spelt the same and sound the same but have different meanings and bear, an animal and the ability to endure, can and can, the ability to do something and a container, tip and tip, a part of a ladies shoes with pointed edge, to give something especially as a token of appreciation. Antonyms: these are opposing words e.g. black and white, rich and poor, bad and good. Articles: this is a word that is used with a noun to specify grammatical definiteness of the noun. There are only three articles in English language, “the”, ‘a’ and ‘an’. PERSUASIVE / ARGUMENTATION TECHNIQUES Appeal: this happens in three ways 1. A person’s emotions (pathos) 2. A person’s reasoning (logos) 3. 3 A person’s wisdom (ethos) Techniques: 1. Analogy : comparison using figures of speech 2. Anaphora : a form of repetition of words to build up emotion 3. Anecdote: the use of personal experience to support your point. 4. Repetition : repeated words, phrases and sentences for the sake of emphasis, 5. Rhetorical question: these are obvious questions that do not necessarily need an answer. 6. Over-generalization: the use of words such as, “all”, “only”, “many” etc to influence readers to create perceptions of what is being said. GENRE TYPE: this refers to a type of category of literature which has recognizable textual properties, features or conventions. THE FOLLOWING ARE THE TYPES OF GENRES  Fiction  Advertisements  Drama  Epic- a long and poetic composition centered upon a hero, a series of achievements are narrated in an elevated way.  Poetry  Lyric; these are words that make up a song; it usually consists of verses and choruses. TYPES OF REGISTERS  FROZEN : this is language that rarely changes e.g. words of a song or a prayer  FORMAL : this is one way of communication e.g. presentation, lecture  CONSULTATIVE: two way communication e.g. between a doctor and a patient.  INTIMATE : this is the language that is shared between couples COHESION: this is how sentences and meanings of ideas relate to each other logically. There are two types, grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion ENG 2601 OCT/NOV 2017 TEXT A QUESTION: DISCUSS THE GENRE AND CONTEXT OF TEXT A. IN YOUR DISCUSSION PROVIDE SUPPORTING TEXTUAL EVIDENCE (15) 1.1 The genre of this type of writing is expository. This means that this text is explaining the length of an ordinary goal post. How long the goal line should be for instance when it talks about the angles of the goal posts being 5.5 m from the inside of each goal post. It is explaining how the lines of the touch line in a football pitch should be drawn. The writer says that these lines should extend into the field of play for 5.5 metres joined by a line that would be parallel to the goal line. This text is also explained how the penalty area should look like. It is explaining that the penalty area is made up 11 metres from the midpoint between the goal posts. Within that same penalty area, there should be an arc of a circlet that within a radius of 9-15 metres from the centre of each penalty mark that should be drawn outside the penalty area. The text is also explaining about the flag posts that are supposed to be placed not less than 1 meter outside the touch line. 1.2 COMMENT ON THE STYLE OF THE LANGUAGE USED IN TEXT A IN TERMS OF FORMALITY AND INFORMALITY. JUSTIFY YOUR ANSWER WITH SUPPORTING EVIDENCE. (15) This kind of writing is called descriptive writing because it is giving the reader all the specific details that are needed in order to fully understand how the goal area penalty area and the goal area should like. The reader is describing in full details exactly what the length and breath of the penalty area should look like. He is giving the actual distance that should be maintained between the goal line as 5.5 m drawn at right angles of the goal line. The writer is also giving the radius which is an arc of the penalty area and he specifies that it should be 9-15 metres from the centre of each penalty mark. The main reason why this kind of writing is considered formal is that it does not use contractions, neither does it use colloquial language but all the details that the writer presents are formally presented. QUESTION 2 2.1 DISCUSS THE STRATEGIES USED BY THE WRITER TO PERSUADE AND INFLUENCE THE TARGET AUDIENCE. SUPPORT YOUR ANSWER WITH EVIDENCE FROM THE TEXT. (15) The write of this text has used a strategy of persuasiveness. He does this by urging women to take extra care of their hair so that the hair maintains its healthy and shiny outlook. He is also giving the readers that extra tip that they need to work on when it comes to their hair; he is telling them that they ought to dry their hair with a soft brush. The writer is also using the style of exemplifying when he says that the women must use the ceramic plates as they offer usability, control and protect the hair from any kind of damage. He is using this as an example of what effects would befall any woman who does not seem to take extra care of her hair. The writer is also using the informative style when he advises that certain styles that they do to their hair can create more damage. In other words these styles would be doing more harm than good. 2.2 IS THERE EVIDENCE OF GENDER-BIAS IN THE TEXT? JUSTIFY YOUR ANSWER WITH EVIDENCE FROM THE TEXT (5) In this text, there is evidence of gender-bias because this writer has categorically and explicitly mentioned how women should style their hair, the kind of chemicals they are expected to use how they should wash their hair and brush it in a certain way. All this kind of information leaves the men out of the picture. It thus becomes quite obvious that the idea of hair treatment and the chemicals that have to deal with the hair is directed towards women and thus they are primarily the targets of this text, which shows that the text is biased towards women. SECTION B QUESTION 3: TEXT ANALYSIS AND ESSAY WRITING REFER TO TEXT C AND TEXT D. WRITE AN ESSAY OF APPROXIMATELY 600-800 WORDS IN WHICH YOU DISCUSS HOW THE WRITERS USE COHESIVE DEVICES TO ENHANCE MEANING, SUPPORT YOUR ARGUMENT WITH EVIDENCE FROM THE TEXT The purpose of Text A is to explain and clearly lay out what is concerned with conserving an area. The writer is giving and laying out clearly what is it that needs to be done in order to put aside certain areas as conservation areas. The write details again how the conserved areas would look like after all the work would have been done. The writer is also using the device of imagery when he gives a picture of all the landscape features that are associated with a nice layout of street patterns, views and open spaces. This means that if conservation is to fully take place it would produce an area that is so nice to look at, the scenery would be great. Furthermore, this conservation of the environment would bring about some development. The kind of development would thus enhance economic and social vitality and would give progress to all who will be concerned with the development and anybody who would benefit from such kind of a scenario. Text D is informative kind of writing. It seeks to give information concerning the Umkhoto which was an organization among pothers that head the responsibility of fighting the apartheid regime. This text seeks to give a very clear picture of whatever was happening at a political level during that particular moment in history. It is arranged logically because it is giving the point of view of the writer point by point and the writer wants his points to be presented as such. This text attempts to be objective as it gives the reasons why the organisation felt that violence was not the way to do things. The way this is presented is countering the consequences that come along with violence as it had no place because it would mean that more and more bloodshed was to take place because those victims of violence were bound to retaliate in as far as this violence was concerned. May/ June 2017 SECTION A 1.1 IDENTIFY THE GENRE AND CONTEXT OF TEXT A. USE EVIDENCE FROM THE TEXT TO SUPPORT YOUR ANSWER (10) The genre of this text is appreciation. The writer is expressing his deepest appreciation to the staff members who had contributed immensely to the well-being of the company. The management would like to appreciate the immense contributions that the members of staff both currently working and those who have retired and has also planned to have an appreciation pancake to show or express their gratitude. The text is also humorous in the sense that even though there is appreciation concerned, the company has relatively ordered 25 pounds of pancakes mix and five gallons of marple syrup. This is an overexaggerated statement because there is no way people at a company can consume such vast quantities of pancakes if they were to be made. 1.2 DISCUSS HOW THE WRITER’S USE OF SPECIFIC LANGUAGE IS AIMED AT INFLUENCING THE RESPONSE OF THE RECEPIENT. SUPPORT YOUR ANSWER WITH RELEVANT REFERENCES FROM THE TEXT.