, Study Guide and Student Solutions Manual
Chemistry for Today
General, Organic, and Biochemistry
EIGHTH EDITION
Spencer L. Seager
Weber State University
Michael R. Slabaugh
Weber State University
Prepared by
Jennifer P. Harris
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
, ȱ
TableȱofȱContentsȱ
GeneralȱChemistryȱ
Chapterȱ1ȱ Matter,ȱMeasurements,ȱandȱCalculationsȱ 1ȱ
Chapterȱ2ȱ AtomsȱandȱMoleculesȱ 25ȱ
Chapterȱ3ȱ ElectronicȱStructureȱandȱtheȱPeriodicȱLawȱ 41ȱ
Chapterȱ4ȱ ForcesȱBetweenȱParticlesȱ 53ȱ
Chapterȱ5ȱ ChemicalȱReactionsȱ 71ȱ
Chapterȱ6ȱ TheȱStatesȱofȱMatterȱ 89ȱ
Chapterȱ7ȱ SolutionsȱandȱColloidsȱ 107ȱ
Chapterȱ8ȱ ReactionȱRatesȱandȱEquilibriumȱ 129ȱ
Chapterȱ9ȱ Acids,ȱBases,ȱandȱSaltsȱ 145ȱ
Chapterȱ10ȱ RadioactivityȱandȱNuclearȱProcessesȱ 167ȱ
OrganicȱChemistryȱ
Chapterȱ11ȱ OrganicȱCompounds:ȱAlkanesȱ 179ȱ
Chapterȱ12ȱ UnsaturatedȱHydrocarbonsȱ 199ȱ
Chapterȱ13ȱ Alcohols,ȱPhenols,ȱandȱEthersȱ 217ȱ
Chapterȱ14ȱ AldehydesȱandȱKetonesȱ 233ȱ
Chapterȱ15ȱ CarboxylicȱAcidsȱandȱEstersȱ 247ȱ
Chapterȱ16ȱ AminesȱandȱAmidesȱ 263ȱ
Biochemistryȱ
Chapterȱ17ȱ Carbohydratesȱ 277ȱ
Chapterȱ18ȱ Lipidsȱ 291ȱ
Chapterȱ19ȱ Proteinsȱ 305ȱ
Chapterȱ20ȱ Enzymesȱ 319ȱ
Chapterȱ21ȱ NucleicȱAcidsȱandȱProteinȱSynthesisȱ 331ȱ
Chapterȱ22ȱ NutritionȱandȱEnergyȱforȱLifeȱ 343ȱ
Chapterȱ23ȱ CarbohydrateȱMetabolismȱ 355ȱ
Chapterȱ24ȱ LipidȱandȱAminoȱAcidȱMetabolismȱ 369ȱ
Chapterȱ25ȱ BodyȱFluidsȱ 381ȱ
ȱ AnswersȱtoȱtheȱChapterȱSelfȬTestsȱ 391ȱ
iii
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
, Chapter 1: Matter, Measurements, and Calculations
CHAPTER OUTLINE
1.1 What Is Matter? 1.5 Measurement Units 1.9 Using Units in Calculations
1.2 Properties and Changes 1.6 The Metric System 1.10 Calculating Percentages
1.3 A Model of Matter 1.7 Large and Small Numbers 1.11 Density
1.4 Classifying Matter 1.8 Significant Figures
LEARNING OBJECTIVES/ASSESSMENT
When you have completed your study of this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Explain what matter is. (Section 1.1; Exercise 1.2)
2. Explain differences between the terms physical and chemical as applied to:
a. Properties of matter (Section 1.2; Exercises 1.10 b & c)
b. Changes in matter (Section 1.2; Exercises 1.8 a & b)
3. Describe matter in terms of the accepted scientific model. (Section 1.3; Exercise 1.12)
4. On the basis of observation or information given to you, classify matter into the correct category of
each of the following pairs:
a. Heterogeneous or homogeneous (Section 1.4; Exercise 1.22)
b. Solution or pure substance (Section 1.4; Exercise 1.24)
c. Element or compound (Section 1.4; Exercise 1.18)
5. Recognize the use of measurement units in everyday activities. (Section 1.5; Exercise 1.28)
6. Recognize units of the metric system, and convert measurements done using the metric system into
related units. (Section 1.6; Exercises 1.30 and 1.40)
7. Express numbers using scientific notation, and do calculations with numbers expressed in scientific
notation. (Section 1.7; Exercises 1.48 and 1.60)
8. Express the results of measurements and calculations using the correct number of significant figures.
(Section 1.8; Exercises 1.64 and 1.66)
9. Use the factor-unit method to solve numerical problems. (Section 1.9; Exercise 1.82)
10. Do calculations involving percentages. (Section 1.10; Exercise 1.92)
11. Do calculations involving densities. (Section 1.11; Exercise 1.98)
SOLUTIONS FOR THE END OF CHAPTER EXERCISES
WHAT IS MATTER? (SECTION 1.1)
;1.2 All matter occupies space and has mass. Mass is a measurement of the amount of matter in
an object. The mass of an object is constant regardless of where the mass is measured.
Weight is a measurement of the gravitational force acting on an object. The weight of an
object will change with gravity; therefore, the weight of an object will be different at different
altitudes and on different planets.
1.4 The distance you can throw a bowling ball will change more than the distance you can roll a
bowling ball on a flat, smooth surface. When throwing a ball, gravity pulls the ball toward
the ground and air resistance slows its decent. The gravitational force on the moon is
approximately 1/6th the gravitational force that is present on the earth; therefore, when
throwing a ball on the moon, you should be able to throw it further than you can on earth.
The moon does not have air resistance. When rolling a ball, friction helps to slow down the
ball. If the flat, smooth surface is the same on the earth and the moon, the amount of friction
should remain constant.
1
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Chemistry for Today
General, Organic, and Biochemistry
EIGHTH EDITION
Spencer L. Seager
Weber State University
Michael R. Slabaugh
Weber State University
Prepared by
Jennifer P. Harris
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
, ȱ
TableȱofȱContentsȱ
GeneralȱChemistryȱ
Chapterȱ1ȱ Matter,ȱMeasurements,ȱandȱCalculationsȱ 1ȱ
Chapterȱ2ȱ AtomsȱandȱMoleculesȱ 25ȱ
Chapterȱ3ȱ ElectronicȱStructureȱandȱtheȱPeriodicȱLawȱ 41ȱ
Chapterȱ4ȱ ForcesȱBetweenȱParticlesȱ 53ȱ
Chapterȱ5ȱ ChemicalȱReactionsȱ 71ȱ
Chapterȱ6ȱ TheȱStatesȱofȱMatterȱ 89ȱ
Chapterȱ7ȱ SolutionsȱandȱColloidsȱ 107ȱ
Chapterȱ8ȱ ReactionȱRatesȱandȱEquilibriumȱ 129ȱ
Chapterȱ9ȱ Acids,ȱBases,ȱandȱSaltsȱ 145ȱ
Chapterȱ10ȱ RadioactivityȱandȱNuclearȱProcessesȱ 167ȱ
OrganicȱChemistryȱ
Chapterȱ11ȱ OrganicȱCompounds:ȱAlkanesȱ 179ȱ
Chapterȱ12ȱ UnsaturatedȱHydrocarbonsȱ 199ȱ
Chapterȱ13ȱ Alcohols,ȱPhenols,ȱandȱEthersȱ 217ȱ
Chapterȱ14ȱ AldehydesȱandȱKetonesȱ 233ȱ
Chapterȱ15ȱ CarboxylicȱAcidsȱandȱEstersȱ 247ȱ
Chapterȱ16ȱ AminesȱandȱAmidesȱ 263ȱ
Biochemistryȱ
Chapterȱ17ȱ Carbohydratesȱ 277ȱ
Chapterȱ18ȱ Lipidsȱ 291ȱ
Chapterȱ19ȱ Proteinsȱ 305ȱ
Chapterȱ20ȱ Enzymesȱ 319ȱ
Chapterȱ21ȱ NucleicȱAcidsȱandȱProteinȱSynthesisȱ 331ȱ
Chapterȱ22ȱ NutritionȱandȱEnergyȱforȱLifeȱ 343ȱ
Chapterȱ23ȱ CarbohydrateȱMetabolismȱ 355ȱ
Chapterȱ24ȱ LipidȱandȱAminoȱAcidȱMetabolismȱ 369ȱ
Chapterȱ25ȱ BodyȱFluidsȱ 381ȱ
ȱ AnswersȱtoȱtheȱChapterȱSelfȬTestsȱ 391ȱ
iii
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
, Chapter 1: Matter, Measurements, and Calculations
CHAPTER OUTLINE
1.1 What Is Matter? 1.5 Measurement Units 1.9 Using Units in Calculations
1.2 Properties and Changes 1.6 The Metric System 1.10 Calculating Percentages
1.3 A Model of Matter 1.7 Large and Small Numbers 1.11 Density
1.4 Classifying Matter 1.8 Significant Figures
LEARNING OBJECTIVES/ASSESSMENT
When you have completed your study of this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Explain what matter is. (Section 1.1; Exercise 1.2)
2. Explain differences between the terms physical and chemical as applied to:
a. Properties of matter (Section 1.2; Exercises 1.10 b & c)
b. Changes in matter (Section 1.2; Exercises 1.8 a & b)
3. Describe matter in terms of the accepted scientific model. (Section 1.3; Exercise 1.12)
4. On the basis of observation or information given to you, classify matter into the correct category of
each of the following pairs:
a. Heterogeneous or homogeneous (Section 1.4; Exercise 1.22)
b. Solution or pure substance (Section 1.4; Exercise 1.24)
c. Element or compound (Section 1.4; Exercise 1.18)
5. Recognize the use of measurement units in everyday activities. (Section 1.5; Exercise 1.28)
6. Recognize units of the metric system, and convert measurements done using the metric system into
related units. (Section 1.6; Exercises 1.30 and 1.40)
7. Express numbers using scientific notation, and do calculations with numbers expressed in scientific
notation. (Section 1.7; Exercises 1.48 and 1.60)
8. Express the results of measurements and calculations using the correct number of significant figures.
(Section 1.8; Exercises 1.64 and 1.66)
9. Use the factor-unit method to solve numerical problems. (Section 1.9; Exercise 1.82)
10. Do calculations involving percentages. (Section 1.10; Exercise 1.92)
11. Do calculations involving densities. (Section 1.11; Exercise 1.98)
SOLUTIONS FOR THE END OF CHAPTER EXERCISES
WHAT IS MATTER? (SECTION 1.1)
;1.2 All matter occupies space and has mass. Mass is a measurement of the amount of matter in
an object. The mass of an object is constant regardless of where the mass is measured.
Weight is a measurement of the gravitational force acting on an object. The weight of an
object will change with gravity; therefore, the weight of an object will be different at different
altitudes and on different planets.
1.4 The distance you can throw a bowling ball will change more than the distance you can roll a
bowling ball on a flat, smooth surface. When throwing a ball, gravity pulls the ball toward
the ground and air resistance slows its decent. The gravitational force on the moon is
approximately 1/6th the gravitational force that is present on the earth; therefore, when
throwing a ball on the moon, you should be able to throw it further than you can on earth.
The moon does not have air resistance. When rolling a ball, friction helps to slow down the
ball. If the flat, smooth surface is the same on the earth and the moon, the amount of friction
should remain constant.
1
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
