Eng 2601 EXAM PACK
Overview of the module
TERMS TO PAY ATTENTION TO:
COHESIVE ESSAY: it does not have a set number of paragraphs. The writer uses as many long
and short paragraphs. In other words, it has no body. It only has an introduction and a
conclusion.
COHESIVE DEVICES: these are sometimes called linking words, linkers, and discourse markers.
Words like “for example”, “however”, “nevertheless”.
They also refer to conjunctions, connectives and pronouns. They are used to link parts of a
piece of writing.
DISCOURSE MARKERS: these are words/phrases like ‘anyway’, ‘right’ or ‘okay’. They are used to
express attitude.
REGISTER: characterized by differences in the type of language usage according to situation or
relationship.
LINGUISTIC FEATURES: this includes register, dialect, slang, jargon, tense aspect, idiomatic
expressions, proverbs etc.
PERSUASIVE FEATURES: these include the use of emotive language. These are positive words
e.g. “inspire”, “fascinates”, “enjoy” etc. It also makes use of adjectives e.g. ‘beautiful’, ‘smart’,
‘intelligent’ etc.
It can also use contrast, figurative language, and hyperbole, the use of jargon/buzzwords, the
use of questions, and use of irony among others.
DIFFERENT LANGUAGE FEATURES/ PARTS OF SPEECH
Metaphors…..this is a direct comparison without the use of ‘as’ or ‘like’ e.g. “He is a tiger”, “she
is a flower”.
,Similes….this is also comparison but it uses words such as ‘like’ or ‘as’ e.g. “She is like a flower”,
“he is like a baboon”.
Conjunctions: these are words that are used to join sentences and phrases together. E.g. and,
but, because, hence, since, also, therefore etc.
Verbs…these are words of action or in basic terms, a verb is a doing word e.g. ‘walk’, ‘run’, ‘
‘dance’ etc.
Adverbs: these are words that tell us more about a verb, e.g. she ate HUNGRILY, He wept
BITTERLY.
Nouns: these are names of anything. We have 4 types of nouns which are, proper nouns,
collective nouns, abstract nouns and common nouns
Common nouns: refer to general things or objects, e.g. table, chair, car, house, donkey etc.
Proper nouns: they refer to names of people and places
Abstract nouns: they refer to people’s emotions e.g. anger, jealous, pride etc. They are things
that we cannot see or touch but we just experience or feel them.
Collective nouns: refers to a collection of things e.g. a bunch of bananas, a troop of soldiers, a
gang of thieves etc.
Pronouns: they take the place of a noun.
Euphemism: this is whereby a writer uses a lighter word in place of one which has got some
heavy connotations. E.g. instead of saying, he has died, one can say, he has passed on.
Preposition: this is a word use to link nouns, pronouns to other words within a sentence. They
are usually placed in front of nouns. Examples are words like, after, in, onto, besides etc.
Adjectives: these are words that tell us more about a noun e.g., beautiful, smart, dull etc. Any
colour is also an adjective.
, Synonyms: these are words that mean the same but spelt differently
Homophones: these are words that are pronounced the same but have different meanings e.g.
knew and new, see and sea, not and knot, made and maid, tell and tale etc.
Homonyms : these are two words that are spelt the same and sound the same but have
different meanings e.g.bear and bear, an animal and the ability to endure, can and can, the
ability to do something and a container, tip and tip, a part of a ladies shoes with pointed edge,
to give something especially as a token of appreciation.
Antonyms: these are opposing words e.g. black and white, rich and poor, bad and good.
Articles: this is a word that is used with a noun to specify grammatical definiteness of the noun.
There are only three articles in English language, “the”, ‘a’ and ‘an’.
PERSUASIVE / ARGUMENTATION TECHNIQUES
Appeal: this happens in three ways
1. A person’s emotions (pathos)
2. A person’s reasoning (logos)
3. 3 A person’s wisdom (ethos)
Techniques:
1. Analogy : comparison using figures of speech
2. Anaphora : a form of repetition of words to build up emotion
3. Anecdote: the use of personal experience to support your point.
4. Repetition : repeated words, phrases and sentences for the sake of emphasis,
5. Rhetorical question: these are obvious questions that do not necessarily need an
answer.
6. Over-generalization: the use of words such as, “all”, “only”, “many” etc to influence
readers to create perceptions of what is being said.
Overview of the module
TERMS TO PAY ATTENTION TO:
COHESIVE ESSAY: it does not have a set number of paragraphs. The writer uses as many long
and short paragraphs. In other words, it has no body. It only has an introduction and a
conclusion.
COHESIVE DEVICES: these are sometimes called linking words, linkers, and discourse markers.
Words like “for example”, “however”, “nevertheless”.
They also refer to conjunctions, connectives and pronouns. They are used to link parts of a
piece of writing.
DISCOURSE MARKERS: these are words/phrases like ‘anyway’, ‘right’ or ‘okay’. They are used to
express attitude.
REGISTER: characterized by differences in the type of language usage according to situation or
relationship.
LINGUISTIC FEATURES: this includes register, dialect, slang, jargon, tense aspect, idiomatic
expressions, proverbs etc.
PERSUASIVE FEATURES: these include the use of emotive language. These are positive words
e.g. “inspire”, “fascinates”, “enjoy” etc. It also makes use of adjectives e.g. ‘beautiful’, ‘smart’,
‘intelligent’ etc.
It can also use contrast, figurative language, and hyperbole, the use of jargon/buzzwords, the
use of questions, and use of irony among others.
DIFFERENT LANGUAGE FEATURES/ PARTS OF SPEECH
Metaphors…..this is a direct comparison without the use of ‘as’ or ‘like’ e.g. “He is a tiger”, “she
is a flower”.
,Similes….this is also comparison but it uses words such as ‘like’ or ‘as’ e.g. “She is like a flower”,
“he is like a baboon”.
Conjunctions: these are words that are used to join sentences and phrases together. E.g. and,
but, because, hence, since, also, therefore etc.
Verbs…these are words of action or in basic terms, a verb is a doing word e.g. ‘walk’, ‘run’, ‘
‘dance’ etc.
Adverbs: these are words that tell us more about a verb, e.g. she ate HUNGRILY, He wept
BITTERLY.
Nouns: these are names of anything. We have 4 types of nouns which are, proper nouns,
collective nouns, abstract nouns and common nouns
Common nouns: refer to general things or objects, e.g. table, chair, car, house, donkey etc.
Proper nouns: they refer to names of people and places
Abstract nouns: they refer to people’s emotions e.g. anger, jealous, pride etc. They are things
that we cannot see or touch but we just experience or feel them.
Collective nouns: refers to a collection of things e.g. a bunch of bananas, a troop of soldiers, a
gang of thieves etc.
Pronouns: they take the place of a noun.
Euphemism: this is whereby a writer uses a lighter word in place of one which has got some
heavy connotations. E.g. instead of saying, he has died, one can say, he has passed on.
Preposition: this is a word use to link nouns, pronouns to other words within a sentence. They
are usually placed in front of nouns. Examples are words like, after, in, onto, besides etc.
Adjectives: these are words that tell us more about a noun e.g., beautiful, smart, dull etc. Any
colour is also an adjective.
, Synonyms: these are words that mean the same but spelt differently
Homophones: these are words that are pronounced the same but have different meanings e.g.
knew and new, see and sea, not and knot, made and maid, tell and tale etc.
Homonyms : these are two words that are spelt the same and sound the same but have
different meanings e.g.bear and bear, an animal and the ability to endure, can and can, the
ability to do something and a container, tip and tip, a part of a ladies shoes with pointed edge,
to give something especially as a token of appreciation.
Antonyms: these are opposing words e.g. black and white, rich and poor, bad and good.
Articles: this is a word that is used with a noun to specify grammatical definiteness of the noun.
There are only three articles in English language, “the”, ‘a’ and ‘an’.
PERSUASIVE / ARGUMENTATION TECHNIQUES
Appeal: this happens in three ways
1. A person’s emotions (pathos)
2. A person’s reasoning (logos)
3. 3 A person’s wisdom (ethos)
Techniques:
1. Analogy : comparison using figures of speech
2. Anaphora : a form of repetition of words to build up emotion
3. Anecdote: the use of personal experience to support your point.
4. Repetition : repeated words, phrases and sentences for the sake of emphasis,
5. Rhetorical question: these are obvious questions that do not necessarily need an
answer.
6. Over-generalization: the use of words such as, “all”, “only”, “many” etc to influence
readers to create perceptions of what is being said.
