Exam (elaborations) TEST BANK FOR Electric Circuits 8th Edition By Nilsson, J.W. and Riedel, S (Solution Manual)

To solve this problem we use a product of ratios to change units from dollars/year to dollars/millisecond. We begin by expressing $10 billion in scientific notation: $100 billion = $100 × 109 Now we determine the number of milliseconds in one year, again using a product of ratios: 1 year 365.25 days · 1 day 24 hours · 1 hour 60 mins · 1 min 60 secs · 1 sec 1000 ms = 1 year 31.5576 × 109 ms Now we can convert from dollars/year to dollars/millisecond, again with a product of ratios: $100 × 109 1 year · 1 year 31.5576 × 109 ms = 100 31.5576 = $3.17/ms AP 1.2 First, we recognize that 1 ns = 10−9 s. The question then asks how far a signal will travel in 10−9 s if it is traveling at 80% of the speed of light. Remember that the speed of light c = 3× 108 m/s. Therefore, 80% of c is (0.8)(3 × 108) = 2.4 × 108 m/s. Now, we use a product of ratios to convert from meters/second to inches/nanosecond: 2.4 × 108 m 1s · 1 s 109 ns · 100 cm 1 m · 1 in 2.54 cm = (2.4 × 108)(100) (109)(2.54) = 9.45 in 1 ns Thus, a signal traveling at 80% of the speed of light will travel 9.45

in a nanosecond. 1–1 1–2 CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables AP 1.3 Remember from Eq. (1.2), current is the time rate of change of charge, or i = dq dt In this problem, we are given the current and asked to find the total charge. To do this, we must integrate Eq. (1.2) to find an expression for charge in terms of current: q(t) =
t 0 i(x) dx We are given the expression for current, i, which can be substituted into the above expression. To find the total charge, we let t→∞in the integral. Thus we have qtotal =
∞ 0 20e−5000x dx = 20 −5000e−5000x  ∞ 0 = 20 −5000 (e∞ − e0) = 20 −5000 (0 − 1) = 20 5000 = 0.004 C = 4000 μC AP 1.4 Recall from Eq. (1.2) that current is the time rate of change of charge, or i = dq dt. In this problem we are given an expression for the charge, and asked to find the maximum current. First we will find an expression for the current using Eq. (1.2): i = dq dt = d dt  1 α2 −  t α + 1 α2  e−αt  = d dt  1 α2  − d dt  t α e−αt  − d dt  1 α2 e−αt  = 0−  1 α e−αt − α t α e−αt  −  −α 1 α2 e−αt  =  −1 α + t + 1 α  e−αt = te−αt Now that we have an expression for the current, we can find the maximum value of the current by setting the first derivative of the current to zero and solving for t: di dt = d dt (te−αt) = e−αt + t(−α)eαt = (1 − αt)e−αt = 0 Since e−αt never equals 0 for a finite value of t, the expression equals 0 only when (1 − αt) = 0. Thus, t = 1/α will cause the current to be maximum. For this value of t, the current is i = 1 α e−α/α = 1 α e−1 Remember in the problem statement, α = 0.03679. Using this value for α, i = 1 0.03679e−1 ∼= 10 A