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Exam (elaborations) TEST BANK FOR An Introduction to Category Theory By Harold Simmons [Solution Manual]

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Exam (elaborations) TEST BANK FOR An Introduction to Category Theory By Harold Simmons [Solution Manual] An introduction to Category Theory The Solutions Harold Simmons 18 September 2011 Contents 1 Categories 1 1.1 Categories defined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Categories of structured sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.3 An arrow need not be a function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.4 More complicated categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.5 Two simple categories and a bonus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2 Basic gadgetry 17 2.1 Diagram chasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.2 Monics and epics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.3 Simple limits and colimits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.4 Initial and final objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.5 Products and coproducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.6 Equalizers and coequalizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.7 Pullbacks and pushouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 2.8 Using the opposite category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3 Functors and natural tansformations 51 3.1 Functors defined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 3.2 Some simple functors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 3.3 Some less simple functors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.3.1 Three power set functors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.3.2 Spaces, presets, and posets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.3.3 Functors from products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 3.3.4 Comma category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 3.3.5 Other examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 3.4 Natural transformations defined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 3.5 Examples of natural transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 4 Limits and colimits in general 93 4.1 Template and diagram – a first pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 4.2 Functor categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 4.3 Problem and solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 4.4 Universal solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 4.5 A geometric limit and colimit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 4.6 How to calculate certain limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 4.6.1 Limits in Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 iii iv Introduction 4.6.2 Limits in Pos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 4.6.3 Limits in Mon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 4.6.4 Limits in Top . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 4.7 Confluent colimits in Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 5 Adjunctions 117 5.1 Adjunctions defined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 5.2 Adjunctions illustrated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 5.2.1 An algebraic example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 5.2.2 A set-theoretic example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 5.2.3 A topological example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 5.3 Adjunctions uncoupled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 5.4 The unit and the co-unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 5.5 Free and cofree constructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 5.6 Contravariant adjunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 6 Posets and monoid sets 153 6.1 Posets and complete posets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 6.2 Two categories of complete posets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 6.3 Sections of a poset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 6.4 The two completions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 6.5 Three endofunctors on Pos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 6.6 Long strings of adjunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 6.7 Two adjunctions for R-sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 6.8 The upper left adjoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 6.9 The upper adjunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 6.10 The lower right adjoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 6.11 The lower adjunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 1 Categories 1.1 Categories defined 1.1.1 Not needed?  1.1.2 These examples are dealt with in Section 1.5.  1.2 Categories of structured sets 1.2.1 (c) Consider the function f(r) = r(a) which sends each r 2 N to the rth iterate of applied to a. A simple calculation shows this is a Pno-arrow. A proof by induction shows this is the only possible arrow.  1.2.2 Consider a pair (A;X) f - (B; Y ) g - (C;Z) of such morphisms. We show the function composite g  f is also a morphism, that is x 2 X =) g(f(x)) 2 Z for each element x of A. The morphism property of f and then g gives x 2 X =) y = f(x) 2 Y =) g(f(x)) = g(y) 2 Z as required. This doesn’t yet prove we have a category, but the other requirements – arrow composition is associative, and there are identity arrows – are easy.  1.2.3 The appropriate notion of arrow (A;R) f - (B; S) is a function between the carrying sets such that (x; y) 2 R =) (f(x); f(y)) 2 S for all x; y 2 A. This generalizes the idea used in Pre and Pos.  1.2.4 Consider a pair of continuous maps R - S  - T between topological spaces. A simple calculation gives (  ) =   which is the required property. 1  2 1. Categories 1.2.5 Let R = C[A;A]. We have a binary operation  on R, namely arrow composition. This operation is associative (by one of the axioms of being a category). We also have a distinguished element idA of R, the identity arrow on A. This is the required unit. (Strictly speaking, this do not show that R is a monoid, for we don’t know that R is a set. There are some categories for which C[A;A] is so large it is not a set. This is rather weired but it shouldn’t worry us.)  1.2.6 To show that Pfn is a category we must at least show that composition of arrows is associative. Consider three composible partial functions A f - B g - C h - D X [ 6 f - Y [ 6 g - Z [ 6 h - as indicated. We must describe h  (g  f) (h  g)  f and show that they are the same. We need A g  f - C h - D A f - B h  g - D U [ 6 g  fjU - Y [ 6 h - X [ 6 f - V [ 6 h  gjV - where a 2 U () a 2 X and f(a) 2 Y b 2 V () b 2 Y and g(b) 2 Z for a 2 A and b 2 B. We also need A h  (g  f) - D A (h  g)  f - D L [ 6 h  (g  fjU)jL - R [ 6 h  (g  fjV )jR - where a 2 L () 8 : a 2 U and (g  fjU)(a) 2 Z 9= ; a 2 R () 8 : a 2 X and f(a) 2 V 9= ; for a 2 A. We show L = R and the two function composites are equal. For a 2 L we have a 2 U, so that fjU(a) = f(a). Thus, remembering the definition of U we have a 2 L () a 2 X and f(a) 2 Y and (g  fjU)(a) 2 Z for a 2 A. Remembering the definition of V we have f(a) 2 V () f(a) 2 Y and g(f(a)) 2 Z and hence a 2 R () a 2 X and f(a) 2 Y and (g  fjU)(a) 2 Z for a 2 A. This shows that L = R. 1.2. Categories of structured sets 3 Consider any a 2 L = R. We have a 2 U f(a) 2 V so that

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,An introduction to
Category Theory

The Solutions

Harold Simmons
18 September 2011

, Contents



1 Categories 1
1.1 Categories defined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Categories of structured sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 An arrow need not be a function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4 More complicated categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.5 Two simple categories and a bonus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2 Basic gadgetry 17
2.1 Diagram chasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2 Monics and epics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3 Simple limits and colimits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.4 Initial and final objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.5 Products and coproducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.6 Equalizers and coequalizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.7 Pullbacks and pushouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.8 Using the opposite category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

3 Functors and natural tansformations 51
3.1 Functors defined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.2 Some simple functors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.3 Some less simple functors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.3.1 Three power set functors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.3.2 Spaces, presets, and posets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.3.3 Functors from products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.3.4 Comma category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.3.5 Other examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.4 Natural transformations defined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.5 Examples of natural transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

4 Limits and colimits in general 93
4.1 Template and diagram – a first pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.2 Functor categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.3 Problem and solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.4 Universal solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
4.5 A geometric limit and colimit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.6 How to calculate certain limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.6.1 Limits in Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

iii

, iv Introduction

4.6.2 Limits in Pos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
4.6.3 Limits in Mon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.6.4 Limits in Top . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4.7 Confluent colimits in Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

5 Adjunctions 117
5.1 Adjunctions defined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.2 Adjunctions illustrated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
5.2.1 An algebraic example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
5.2.2 A set-theoretic example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
5.2.3 A topological example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
5.3 Adjunctions uncoupled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
5.4 The unit and the co-unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
5.5 Free and cofree constructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
5.6 Contravariant adjunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

6 Posets and monoid sets 153
6.1 Posets and complete posets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
6.2 Two categories of complete posets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
6.3 Sections of a poset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
6.4 The two completions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
6.5 Three endofunctors on Pos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
6.6 Long strings of adjunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
6.7 Two adjunctions for R-sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
6.8 The upper left adjoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
6.9 The upper adjunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
6.10 The lower right adjoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
6.11 The lower adjunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

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