DVA 2601 Assignment 4. Success.

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Introduction 2 Relationship between plans, policies, programmes and projects 2 Concepts of a project management cycle and issues of opportunities for participation in project management cycle MANAGEMENT CYCLE 2 Participatory data collection techniques that can be used to enhance local and indigenous knowledge as an information source 2-3 How SIA came to be used in SOUTH AFRICA and how its use can be improved 3 The need and importance of participation in participation in monitoring and evaluation 3 Conclusion 3 bibliography 4 Development is equated with growth it refers to any project that could bring a positive impact on the community. The process of developing a community requires planning , in order for a projects or a programs to be fully implemented there are certain policies that has to followed as well as the sequence of interrelated phases of a project known as the project cycle project cycle ,which has seven phases namely the initial decision to engage in planning and the creation of an organisational framework, the identification of planning objectives and targets, data collection and processing, identifying alternative course of action, appraising plans and projects, implementation and monitoring and evaluation .There many techniques of that could be used to collect data such as consulting primary and secondary sources for information ,the consultation of primary sources is important because you will be engaging with the community and it will be much easier on the social impact assessment as the community will be notified of the objectives of the project at the same time the project management will know of socio economic impact the development will have on the community. the involvement of the community in the development programs will result in the participation in monitoring and evaluation which create a great relationship thus yielding positive results. Plans are set of detailed ideas that are orderly arranged and has to be followed as to achieve the development objective whereas policies are a set of rules and regulations anticipated by the governing body that has to be conformed in order to attain the development objectives. According Cusworth and Franks (1993:3) a” project is the investment of capital in a time bound intervention to create productive assets”. For a project to come to life there should be planning, policies are to be followed this shows us that they are interconnected and a project is time bound and have certain limitations a project is designed to generate “assets ,systems ,schemes, or institutions ,which continue in operation and yield a flow of benefits after the project has been completed”(Cusworth &Franks 1993:4).The terms programmes and projects can be used interchangeably although programmes are sets “…of activities designed to facilitate the achievement of specific objectives but generally on a larger scale and over longer frame” Cusworth & Franks 1993:ams have a broad scope whilst projects are smaller but they both serve the same purpose of development the only difference is that the other is time bound and has a lot of restrictions whilst the other is open to everything when it comes to development. Conyers and Hills (1984:7381), project planning and management is viewed as a cyclic process, as opposed to Katz’s (1975) idea of a spiral process. It consists of interconnected phases which can not stand on their own, it has an advantage because it gives you a guideline to specific programmes and projects making it easier to meet their development objectives and yield greater results. Senanayake (2006:87) defines indigenous knowledge as’’ unique knowledge confined to particular culture or society…local knowledge ,folk knowledge, peoples knowledge, traditional wisdom or traditional science’ ’It is the type of information only the people who reside in that particular area know , be it in the urban or rural areas This information is regarded as not reliable because it will be coming from the poor whilst the western knowledge system is always right which is not true when it comes to development because you need first-hand information from the people whom you want to help with the development. There are two types of information sources primary sources which includes interview these are meetings held by one where the other person asks questions whilst the other one replies. According to United Nations (1993:2.15) Interviewing is a systematic process of soliciting and recording information by asking questions” .Focus groups refers to having interviews with a group of people who are to be helped by the development and discuss the issues concerning that project. Direct observation refers to a process where a person has to go to a certain