M3 Disturbances in Cellular
Metabolism, Growth and
Development
Module Overview
Welcome to the third module for this subject! This module covers six lessons
that include disturbances in protein, carbohydrate, lipid, calcium and pigment
metabolism. We will also talk about various disturbances associated with cellular
growth and development such as aplasia, hypoplasia, atrophy, hyperplasia,
hypertrophy, dysplasia and metaplasia but will yet be discussed in the further
chapters of this course.
Suggested chapters to read:
Mcgavin and Zachary (2007):
•Chapter 1: Cellular and Tissue Responses to Injury – Pages 3 to 61
Runnells et al. 1960:
•Chapter 9: Disturbances in Cell Metabolism – Pages 173 to 221
INTRODUCTION
Homeostasis
ability of the cells to maintain normal structure and function as a result of
physiological demands.
What do cells do when they encounter stresses?
Cellular adaptation= When cells undergo stresses, they undergo
functional and structural adaptations to maintain viability/ homeostasis
It is a response to some stimuli by increasing or decreasing organelle
contents.
Adaptive processes involves atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia,
metaplasia.
M3 Disturbances in Cellular Metabolism, Growth and Development 1
, What happens if it is impossible for the cells to maintain a steady-state in the
body?
CELL INJURY happens when the limits of the adaptive response are
exceeded or if adaptation is not possible.
Types of cell injury
Reversible cell injury
Removal of stress or injury
complete restoration of structural and functional integrity
Irreversible cell injury
If severe stimulus persists=injury or death
2 main morphologic patterns: 1. necrosis 2. Apoptosis
💡 Cells or tissues responds to stress or injury in three important ways:
- Adapatation
- Degeneration or intra/ectracellular accumulatons
- Death
M3 Disturbances in Cellular Metabolism, Growth and Development 2
, What are the causes of Cell Injury?
HYPOXIA
Oxygen deficiency
Common cause
Partial O2 reduction as a result of
Heart failure
respiratory failure
loss of blood supply or ischemia
reduces transport of O2 supply in blood
APOXIA
Complete O2 reduction
Oxygen is critically important for OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION,
especially in highly specialized cells such as neurons, hepatocytes, cardiac
myocytes and renal tubule cells.
M3 Disturbances in Cellular Metabolism, Growth and Development 3
, DISTURBANCES IN CELL METABOLISM
💡 Are degenerations or retrogressive changes which are alterations in
the composition and functions of cells.
We now know that the Mitochondria is the "power plants" of the cell responsible
for carbohydrate and fat metabolism. The Endoplasmic Reticulum contains
enzymatic systems that are sources of energy. With these functions of the
organelles in the cell, it is only reasonable to believe that whenever cells are
injured, these intracellular organelles may be deranged and thus disturbances to
cell metabolism may arise.
Cell Alterations occurring in Disturbances in Cell Metabolism
are grouped into the following:
Degenerative Changes
Cloudy Swelling - Disturbance in Protein Metabolism
Hydropic degeneration- Disturbance in Protein Metabolism
Mucinous degeneration- Disturbance in Protein Metabolism
M3 Disturbances in Cellular Metabolism, Growth and Development 4
Metabolism, Growth and
Development
Module Overview
Welcome to the third module for this subject! This module covers six lessons
that include disturbances in protein, carbohydrate, lipid, calcium and pigment
metabolism. We will also talk about various disturbances associated with cellular
growth and development such as aplasia, hypoplasia, atrophy, hyperplasia,
hypertrophy, dysplasia and metaplasia but will yet be discussed in the further
chapters of this course.
Suggested chapters to read:
Mcgavin and Zachary (2007):
•Chapter 1: Cellular and Tissue Responses to Injury – Pages 3 to 61
Runnells et al. 1960:
•Chapter 9: Disturbances in Cell Metabolism – Pages 173 to 221
INTRODUCTION
Homeostasis
ability of the cells to maintain normal structure and function as a result of
physiological demands.
What do cells do when they encounter stresses?
Cellular adaptation= When cells undergo stresses, they undergo
functional and structural adaptations to maintain viability/ homeostasis
It is a response to some stimuli by increasing or decreasing organelle
contents.
Adaptive processes involves atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia,
metaplasia.
M3 Disturbances in Cellular Metabolism, Growth and Development 1
, What happens if it is impossible for the cells to maintain a steady-state in the
body?
CELL INJURY happens when the limits of the adaptive response are
exceeded or if adaptation is not possible.
Types of cell injury
Reversible cell injury
Removal of stress or injury
complete restoration of structural and functional integrity
Irreversible cell injury
If severe stimulus persists=injury or death
2 main morphologic patterns: 1. necrosis 2. Apoptosis
💡 Cells or tissues responds to stress or injury in three important ways:
- Adapatation
- Degeneration or intra/ectracellular accumulatons
- Death
M3 Disturbances in Cellular Metabolism, Growth and Development 2
, What are the causes of Cell Injury?
HYPOXIA
Oxygen deficiency
Common cause
Partial O2 reduction as a result of
Heart failure
respiratory failure
loss of blood supply or ischemia
reduces transport of O2 supply in blood
APOXIA
Complete O2 reduction
Oxygen is critically important for OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION,
especially in highly specialized cells such as neurons, hepatocytes, cardiac
myocytes and renal tubule cells.
M3 Disturbances in Cellular Metabolism, Growth and Development 3
, DISTURBANCES IN CELL METABOLISM
💡 Are degenerations or retrogressive changes which are alterations in
the composition and functions of cells.
We now know that the Mitochondria is the "power plants" of the cell responsible
for carbohydrate and fat metabolism. The Endoplasmic Reticulum contains
enzymatic systems that are sources of energy. With these functions of the
organelles in the cell, it is only reasonable to believe that whenever cells are
injured, these intracellular organelles may be deranged and thus disturbances to
cell metabolism may arise.
Cell Alterations occurring in Disturbances in Cell Metabolism
are grouped into the following:
Degenerative Changes
Cloudy Swelling - Disturbance in Protein Metabolism
Hydropic degeneration- Disturbance in Protein Metabolism
Mucinous degeneration- Disturbance in Protein Metabolism
M3 Disturbances in Cellular Metabolism, Growth and Development 4
