Growth and Development Reviewer
This reviewer is prepared to give you a brief knowledge about the growth and
development, including the different theories, physiologic changes, hospital reaction by
age, and the different developmental milestones.
Theories of Growth and Development
The following are some of the theories involving child development that have been
proposed by these well-known theorists:
Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development
• According to Erickson, a human being must go through a series of psychosocial
developmental stages that must be balanced throughout the lifespan.
• Each stage is characterized by a psychosocial conflict that must reach a
resolution to allow the individual to go on the next phase of development.
Erik Erikson’s 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development
• Trust vs Mistrust: Infancy (birth to 18 months)
o Task: attachment to the mother/caregiver
o Successful outcome: feeling of trust
oUnsuccessful outcome: mistrust, suspicion, uncertainty of the future
• Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt: Early childhood (18 months to 3 years)
o Task: develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and
sense of independence
o Successful outcome: feeling of self-control, self sufficiency
o Unsuccessful outcome: lack of independence, feelings of self-doubt
• Initiative vs Guilt: Late childhood (3 to 6 years)
o Task: become purposeful and directive
o Successful outcome: sense of purpose
o Unsuccessful outcome: sense of guilt, self-doubt, and lack of initiative
• Industry vs Inferiority School age (6 to 12 years)
o Task: develop physical, social, and learning skills
, o Successful outcome: self-confidence, competence
o Unsuccessful outcome: feelings of inferiority, poor self concept
• Identity vs Role Confusion: Adolescence (12-20 years)
o Task: develop sense of self and personal identity
o Successful outcome: sense of strong identity
o Unsuccessful outcome: self-confusion
• Intimacy vs Isolation: Early adulthood (20-35 years)
o Task: form intimate, loving relationship with other people
o Successful outcome: strong relationship
o Unsuccessful outcome: loneliness, isolation
• Generativity vs Stagnation: Middle adulthood (35 to 65 years)
o Task: achieve life goals and creating positive change for the benefit of
others
o Successful outcome: feelings of accomplishment
o Unsuccessful outcome: inability to grow as a person
• Integrity vs Despair: Late adulthood (65 years to death)
o Task: reflection on life
o Successful outcome: sense of fulfillment and integrity
o Unsuccessful outcome: regret, bitterness,dissatisfaction with life
Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
• The theory focuses on concepts of language, scientific reasoning, memory, and
moral development.
• According to Piaget, to progress from one stage to the next, the child
reorganizes his or her thinking process to bring them close to reality.
4 Stages of Cognitive Development
• Sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years)
o Present at birth, the infant/child uses reflexes like sucking, grasping,
looking, and listening to gain an understanding about the
environment.
This reviewer is prepared to give you a brief knowledge about the growth and
development, including the different theories, physiologic changes, hospital reaction by
age, and the different developmental milestones.
Theories of Growth and Development
The following are some of the theories involving child development that have been
proposed by these well-known theorists:
Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development
• According to Erickson, a human being must go through a series of psychosocial
developmental stages that must be balanced throughout the lifespan.
• Each stage is characterized by a psychosocial conflict that must reach a
resolution to allow the individual to go on the next phase of development.
Erik Erikson’s 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development
• Trust vs Mistrust: Infancy (birth to 18 months)
o Task: attachment to the mother/caregiver
o Successful outcome: feeling of trust
oUnsuccessful outcome: mistrust, suspicion, uncertainty of the future
• Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt: Early childhood (18 months to 3 years)
o Task: develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and
sense of independence
o Successful outcome: feeling of self-control, self sufficiency
o Unsuccessful outcome: lack of independence, feelings of self-doubt
• Initiative vs Guilt: Late childhood (3 to 6 years)
o Task: become purposeful and directive
o Successful outcome: sense of purpose
o Unsuccessful outcome: sense of guilt, self-doubt, and lack of initiative
• Industry vs Inferiority School age (6 to 12 years)
o Task: develop physical, social, and learning skills
, o Successful outcome: self-confidence, competence
o Unsuccessful outcome: feelings of inferiority, poor self concept
• Identity vs Role Confusion: Adolescence (12-20 years)
o Task: develop sense of self and personal identity
o Successful outcome: sense of strong identity
o Unsuccessful outcome: self-confusion
• Intimacy vs Isolation: Early adulthood (20-35 years)
o Task: form intimate, loving relationship with other people
o Successful outcome: strong relationship
o Unsuccessful outcome: loneliness, isolation
• Generativity vs Stagnation: Middle adulthood (35 to 65 years)
o Task: achieve life goals and creating positive change for the benefit of
others
o Successful outcome: feelings of accomplishment
o Unsuccessful outcome: inability to grow as a person
• Integrity vs Despair: Late adulthood (65 years to death)
o Task: reflection on life
o Successful outcome: sense of fulfillment and integrity
o Unsuccessful outcome: regret, bitterness,dissatisfaction with life
Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
• The theory focuses on concepts of language, scientific reasoning, memory, and
moral development.
• According to Piaget, to progress from one stage to the next, the child
reorganizes his or her thinking process to bring them close to reality.
4 Stages of Cognitive Development
• Sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years)
o Present at birth, the infant/child uses reflexes like sucking, grasping,
looking, and listening to gain an understanding about the
environment.
