Methods by which infectious diseases can be spread:
Direct contact – transmission:
Human to human:
The transmission of pathogens such as viruses or bacteria can occur through many ways such as
direct physical contact which includes two types: the ventricle and horizontal transmission and
indirect contact. Ventricle transmissions involve the transmission of the disease from the infected
person to the uninfected person, and horizontal transmission involves the transmission of the
disease from the pregnant mother to her offspring child during the pregnancy period. Direct
contact can be spread through touching, kissing, sexual relationship, and mixing of the body
fluid. Each method transmits different diseases through touching the contaminated, transmission
of saliva through kissing the infected person and putting then the hands inside the mouth, eye,
nose of the healthy person. Therefore, the uninfected person becomes infected when direct
contact occurs between them and leads to the transmission of viruses or bacteria. An example of
a disease that transmitted through direct touching of the skin is chickenpox disease that causes
blister in the body, once the uninfected person touches the wet blisters, mucus, or saliva of the
infected person and put his/her hand in the mouth, nose, or eye infection occurs in the body and
the healthy person become an infected person. however, the dry blisters do not have the ability
to transmit the viruses from one person to another.
An example of a disease that is spread through kissing is mononucleosis disease, this disease is
caused by a virus that is known as the Epstein-Barr virus. This virus can be transmitted through
kissing which leads to the exchange of the saliva from the infected person to the uninfected
person. therefore it causes the uninfected person to become infected by the virus.
The sexually transmitted disease can be transmitted through sexual contact, or by the direct touch
of the penis, vaginal, mouth, or anus of the infected person that holds the infection. one example
of STD is gonorrhoea that caused by Neisseria gonorrhea bacteria, these bacteria can be
transmitted from the infected person to the uninfected person through oral or vaginal sex, the oral
sex it may affect the other part in the body such as causing a sore throat. Also might be spared
from the mother to the baby during birth or through breastfeeding.
Moreover, hepatitis C disease is an example of a disease that is transmitted through body fluid
such as blood, this disease occurs via viruses that present in the blood. the mother has the ability
to spread the disease to her newborn baby during birth and breastfeeding. also, it can be found in
the semen and vaginal fluid, therefore, it can be transmitted through unprotected sex.
Contaminated needles and other sharp equipment such as medical or dental equipment used by
the infected person also can contribute to the spread of the disease from one person to another
person. therefore, it is really important that the equipment is sterilised before it is used.
Moreover, the blood of an infected person with hepatitis B getting into an open wound or cut as
well as scratch in the skin or also bitten by someone with hepatitis B, make it possible for the
infection to be spread.
Methods that can be transmitted from animal to people contact(zoonosis):
, Zoonosis transmission is one of the methods that can spread disease through direct contact from
animals, such as touching the blood, saliva, or urine of the infected animal. the transmission of
the pathogen can get inside the human body through a cut or open wounds in the skin, as well as
animal bites can contribute to the transmission of the disease through saliva. moreover, the
infection can be transmitted to humans if they eat food that is contaminated by animal feces or an
infected food handler that did not wash his/her hand before preparing the food. an example of
the zoonotic disease is salmonella, this disease is caused by bacteria that present in the intestinal
tracts of animals. Raw food of animal origin has the ability to transmit salmonella as well. Also,
the infected human has the ability to transmit this disease through touching objects, therefore,
washing hands is vital after using the toilet or changing nappy to prevent the transmission of the
disease.
Another example of a disease that transmitted from the infected animal to human is rabies that
transmitted through animal bites, particularly dog bites, when an animal bites a human the
pathogens and microorganisms like viruses to get inside the bloodstream and cause the healthy
person to become an infected person that holds this disease as well the direct contact of the saliva
of the infected dog with the eye or mouth of the human can lead to the transmission of the virus,
this disease affects the nervous system of the human.
Indirect contact transmission:
This method does not require direct human contact to cause disease, for example, the disease can
be transmitted from contaminated objects, an infectious droplet in the air, or from vectors such as
mosquitoes, flies, mites, fleas, ticks, rodents, or dogs. when healthy people inhale the droplet
that gets out from the infected person in the air they become infected and sick. Also, if the
infectious droplets fell directly on the eyes, the nose, or enters the mouth they can cause the
person to be infected by the disease. Droplets from the infected person that sent out from the
mouth during speaking, cough, or sneezing can travel between three and six feet and stick-on
surfaces or objects such as tables, keyboards, doorknobs, and telephones. Healthy people touch
the contaminated objects with their hands, and then touch their eyes, nose or mouth develop a
high risk to become infected by a disease. An example of diseases that are transmitted through
indirect contact is warts caused by viruses and affect the skin of the human body, the wart virus
has the ability to stick on the objects such as keyboards, doorknobs. When a healthy person
touches these objects an infection occurs in his/her body. as well the close skin contact can lead
to the transmission of this disease from the infected person to the uninfected person. The
symptoms of this disease take many months to appear and to know that the person is infected by
this pathogen. The transmission of the disease is more likely to develop when the skin of the
healthy person is broken or wet.
Flu is another example that spreads through indirect contact; therefore, it can be spread when the
infected person sneeze, speak or cough, and then the healthy person inhales the air that mixed
with the infectious droplets, generally the droplets land in the mouths or noses of people nearby.
the infectious droplets can live on the objects and hands for 24 hours, so the objects keep
Direct contact – transmission:
Human to human:
The transmission of pathogens such as viruses or bacteria can occur through many ways such as
direct physical contact which includes two types: the ventricle and horizontal transmission and
indirect contact. Ventricle transmissions involve the transmission of the disease from the infected
person to the uninfected person, and horizontal transmission involves the transmission of the
disease from the pregnant mother to her offspring child during the pregnancy period. Direct
contact can be spread through touching, kissing, sexual relationship, and mixing of the body
fluid. Each method transmits different diseases through touching the contaminated, transmission
of saliva through kissing the infected person and putting then the hands inside the mouth, eye,
nose of the healthy person. Therefore, the uninfected person becomes infected when direct
contact occurs between them and leads to the transmission of viruses or bacteria. An example of
a disease that transmitted through direct touching of the skin is chickenpox disease that causes
blister in the body, once the uninfected person touches the wet blisters, mucus, or saliva of the
infected person and put his/her hand in the mouth, nose, or eye infection occurs in the body and
the healthy person become an infected person. however, the dry blisters do not have the ability
to transmit the viruses from one person to another.
An example of a disease that is spread through kissing is mononucleosis disease, this disease is
caused by a virus that is known as the Epstein-Barr virus. This virus can be transmitted through
kissing which leads to the exchange of the saliva from the infected person to the uninfected
person. therefore it causes the uninfected person to become infected by the virus.
The sexually transmitted disease can be transmitted through sexual contact, or by the direct touch
of the penis, vaginal, mouth, or anus of the infected person that holds the infection. one example
of STD is gonorrhoea that caused by Neisseria gonorrhea bacteria, these bacteria can be
transmitted from the infected person to the uninfected person through oral or vaginal sex, the oral
sex it may affect the other part in the body such as causing a sore throat. Also might be spared
from the mother to the baby during birth or through breastfeeding.
Moreover, hepatitis C disease is an example of a disease that is transmitted through body fluid
such as blood, this disease occurs via viruses that present in the blood. the mother has the ability
to spread the disease to her newborn baby during birth and breastfeeding. also, it can be found in
the semen and vaginal fluid, therefore, it can be transmitted through unprotected sex.
Contaminated needles and other sharp equipment such as medical or dental equipment used by
the infected person also can contribute to the spread of the disease from one person to another
person. therefore, it is really important that the equipment is sterilised before it is used.
Moreover, the blood of an infected person with hepatitis B getting into an open wound or cut as
well as scratch in the skin or also bitten by someone with hepatitis B, make it possible for the
infection to be spread.
Methods that can be transmitted from animal to people contact(zoonosis):
, Zoonosis transmission is one of the methods that can spread disease through direct contact from
animals, such as touching the blood, saliva, or urine of the infected animal. the transmission of
the pathogen can get inside the human body through a cut or open wounds in the skin, as well as
animal bites can contribute to the transmission of the disease through saliva. moreover, the
infection can be transmitted to humans if they eat food that is contaminated by animal feces or an
infected food handler that did not wash his/her hand before preparing the food. an example of
the zoonotic disease is salmonella, this disease is caused by bacteria that present in the intestinal
tracts of animals. Raw food of animal origin has the ability to transmit salmonella as well. Also,
the infected human has the ability to transmit this disease through touching objects, therefore,
washing hands is vital after using the toilet or changing nappy to prevent the transmission of the
disease.
Another example of a disease that transmitted from the infected animal to human is rabies that
transmitted through animal bites, particularly dog bites, when an animal bites a human the
pathogens and microorganisms like viruses to get inside the bloodstream and cause the healthy
person to become an infected person that holds this disease as well the direct contact of the saliva
of the infected dog with the eye or mouth of the human can lead to the transmission of the virus,
this disease affects the nervous system of the human.
Indirect contact transmission:
This method does not require direct human contact to cause disease, for example, the disease can
be transmitted from contaminated objects, an infectious droplet in the air, or from vectors such as
mosquitoes, flies, mites, fleas, ticks, rodents, or dogs. when healthy people inhale the droplet
that gets out from the infected person in the air they become infected and sick. Also, if the
infectious droplets fell directly on the eyes, the nose, or enters the mouth they can cause the
person to be infected by the disease. Droplets from the infected person that sent out from the
mouth during speaking, cough, or sneezing can travel between three and six feet and stick-on
surfaces or objects such as tables, keyboards, doorknobs, and telephones. Healthy people touch
the contaminated objects with their hands, and then touch their eyes, nose or mouth develop a
high risk to become infected by a disease. An example of diseases that are transmitted through
indirect contact is warts caused by viruses and affect the skin of the human body, the wart virus
has the ability to stick on the objects such as keyboards, doorknobs. When a healthy person
touches these objects an infection occurs in his/her body. as well the close skin contact can lead
to the transmission of this disease from the infected person to the uninfected person. The
symptoms of this disease take many months to appear and to know that the person is infected by
this pathogen. The transmission of the disease is more likely to develop when the skin of the
healthy person is broken or wet.
Flu is another example that spreads through indirect contact; therefore, it can be spread when the
infected person sneeze, speak or cough, and then the healthy person inhales the air that mixed
with the infectious droplets, generally the droplets land in the mouths or noses of people nearby.
the infectious droplets can live on the objects and hands for 24 hours, so the objects keep
