Our Lady of Fatima University Main neurotransmitters:
College of Pharmacy 1. Epinephrine (adrenaline)
2. Norepinephrine (nor adrenaline)
Anatomy and Physiology 3. Acetylcholine
NERVE IMPULSES
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM a. Myelin Sheath – insulating material
covering axons in central and peripheral
- Nervous system is a group of tissues
nervous system.
composed of highly specialized cells
- The electrical impulse jumps from node
possessing the characteristics of
to node in myelin sheath instead of
excitability and conductivity.
travelling continuously along the nerve
MORPHOLOGICAL DIVISIONS fiber (Saltatory Conduction of Impulses)
A. Central Nervous System CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
i. Brain
- It includes the brain and spinal cord.
ii. Spinal cord
- It is divided grossly into gray and white
B. Peripheral Nervous System
matter.
i. Cranial nerves (12 pairs)
ii. Spinal nerves (31 pairs)
Gray matter (outer portion) – so called
iii. Autonomic nervous system
because of its appearance and
preponderance of nerve cell bodies and
true dendrites.
FUNCTIONAL DIVISIONS
I. Somatic Efferent White matter – composed chiefly of
- Innervating somatic structures like myelinated nerve fibers. Made up of
skeletal muscles and skin. primarily white fibers.
II. Visceral Efferent
- Innervating visceral or involuntary
BRAIN
structures like smooth muscles, cardiac
muscles, and glands. This is the - Part of the central nervous system
autonomic nervous system (ANS). contained within the skull.
- Most complex and largest mass of
TYPE OF CELLS IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
nervous tissue in the body and contains
1. Neurons – the active conducting literally billions of nerve cells.
elements. - The average weight of human brain in
2. Neuroglia – the supporting elements the adult is approximately 1380 grams
Astrocyte – blood brain barrier in the male and 1250 grams in the
Oligodendrocyte – traps around female.
the axon to form myelin sheath.
EMBRYOLOGICAL DIVISIONS OF THE BRAIN
Microglia – phagocytic, part of
innate immunity 1. Forebrain (prosencephalon)
Ependymal cells – cells that line a. Telencephalon (cerebrum)
the central canal of the spinal b. Diencephalon (thalamus,
cord. hypothalamus, epithalamus,
subthalamus)
Neuron – basic unit of the nervous system
2. Midbrain (mesencephalon)
which conducts electrical impulses from one
a. Corpora quadrigemina (tectum) – 2
part of the body to another.
superior colliculi, 2 inferior colliculi
TWO TYPES OF PROCESSES b. Cerebral peduncles – connects the
cerebrum with the brain stem.
a. Dendrites – transmit impulses toward
c. Cerebral aqueduct of Silvius (iter) –
, 2. Pre – motor area
I. CEREBRUM - In front if the motor area
- 7/8 of weight brain - Exerts a controlling influence over the
- Discriminatory identification motor area, ensuring an orderly series
- Integration of sensory information of movements.
- Memory 3. Pre – fontal area
- Reasoning - Concerned with the behavior,
- Use of language character, and emotional state of the
- Emotional behavior individual.
- Initiation of movement - Concerned with the foresight, good
judgement, abstract thinking.
4. Primary sensory/somesthetic area or
FISSURES OF CEREBRUM post – central gyrus
- Lies behind the central sulcus of
1. Longitudinal fissure – separates the Rolando in parietal lobe.
right and left hemisphere. - Sensation of pain, temperature,
2. Lateral sylvian fissure – separates the pressure and touch, position, and
frontal lobe and parietal lobe above the movement sensation from opposite
temporal lobe below. side of body are received and
3. Central sulcus (Rolandic fissure) – interpreted here.
separates the frontal lobe from the - Brodmann’s area 3,1, 2
parietal lobe. Stereognosis – ability to
4. Transverse fissure – between the recognize things.
cerebellum and the cerebrum. 5. Motor speech area
5. Parieto – occipital fissure – between - Lies in inferior frontal gyrus of dominant
the occipital and parietal lobe. hemisphere.
6. Calcarine fissure – found in the occipital - Broca’s area (Brodmann’s area 44, 45)
lobe; visual center (calcarine center) 6. Sensory speech area
LOBES OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX - Lies in temporal lobes posterior to
auditory are of dominant hemisphere.
1. Frontal lobe – includes all the cortex - Wernicke’s area (Brodmann’s area 22)
lying anterior to the central sulcus of 7. Auditory or hearing area (transverse
Rolando and above the lateral sulcus gyri of Heschi)
Silvius. - Lies below lateral sulus within the
- Center for the motor functions and temporal lobe.
personality. - Center for hearing.
2. Parietal lobe – lies posterior to central - Brodmann’s are 41, 42.
sulcus of Rolando above lateral sylvian 8. Visual area
fissure. - Calcarine area, around the calcarine
- Center for sensory functions. fissure, including greater part of the
3. Temporal lobe – lies beneath the lateral occipital lobe.
sulcus of sylvian. - Brodmann’s area 17.
- Center for hearing and olfaction 9. Olfactory or smell area
4. Occipital lobe – occupies the posterior - Within the temporal lobe.
extremity of the cerebral hemisphere 10. Taste area
behind parieto – occipital fissure. - Above the lateral sulcus into the deep
- Visual center layers of the sensory are.
5. Insula (island of Reil) – exposed when - Brodmann’s area 43.
the lips of lateral sylvian fissure are
separated. BASAL GANGLIA
FUNCTIONAL AREAS IF THE CEREBRUM - Masses of gray matter embedded in the
white matter of the cerebral
1. Primary motor area or pre-central hemisphere.
College of Pharmacy 1. Epinephrine (adrenaline)
2. Norepinephrine (nor adrenaline)
Anatomy and Physiology 3. Acetylcholine
NERVE IMPULSES
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM a. Myelin Sheath – insulating material
covering axons in central and peripheral
- Nervous system is a group of tissues
nervous system.
composed of highly specialized cells
- The electrical impulse jumps from node
possessing the characteristics of
to node in myelin sheath instead of
excitability and conductivity.
travelling continuously along the nerve
MORPHOLOGICAL DIVISIONS fiber (Saltatory Conduction of Impulses)
A. Central Nervous System CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
i. Brain
- It includes the brain and spinal cord.
ii. Spinal cord
- It is divided grossly into gray and white
B. Peripheral Nervous System
matter.
i. Cranial nerves (12 pairs)
ii. Spinal nerves (31 pairs)
Gray matter (outer portion) – so called
iii. Autonomic nervous system
because of its appearance and
preponderance of nerve cell bodies and
true dendrites.
FUNCTIONAL DIVISIONS
I. Somatic Efferent White matter – composed chiefly of
- Innervating somatic structures like myelinated nerve fibers. Made up of
skeletal muscles and skin. primarily white fibers.
II. Visceral Efferent
- Innervating visceral or involuntary
BRAIN
structures like smooth muscles, cardiac
muscles, and glands. This is the - Part of the central nervous system
autonomic nervous system (ANS). contained within the skull.
- Most complex and largest mass of
TYPE OF CELLS IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
nervous tissue in the body and contains
1. Neurons – the active conducting literally billions of nerve cells.
elements. - The average weight of human brain in
2. Neuroglia – the supporting elements the adult is approximately 1380 grams
Astrocyte – blood brain barrier in the male and 1250 grams in the
Oligodendrocyte – traps around female.
the axon to form myelin sheath.
EMBRYOLOGICAL DIVISIONS OF THE BRAIN
Microglia – phagocytic, part of
innate immunity 1. Forebrain (prosencephalon)
Ependymal cells – cells that line a. Telencephalon (cerebrum)
the central canal of the spinal b. Diencephalon (thalamus,
cord. hypothalamus, epithalamus,
subthalamus)
Neuron – basic unit of the nervous system
2. Midbrain (mesencephalon)
which conducts electrical impulses from one
a. Corpora quadrigemina (tectum) – 2
part of the body to another.
superior colliculi, 2 inferior colliculi
TWO TYPES OF PROCESSES b. Cerebral peduncles – connects the
cerebrum with the brain stem.
a. Dendrites – transmit impulses toward
c. Cerebral aqueduct of Silvius (iter) –
, 2. Pre – motor area
I. CEREBRUM - In front if the motor area
- 7/8 of weight brain - Exerts a controlling influence over the
- Discriminatory identification motor area, ensuring an orderly series
- Integration of sensory information of movements.
- Memory 3. Pre – fontal area
- Reasoning - Concerned with the behavior,
- Use of language character, and emotional state of the
- Emotional behavior individual.
- Initiation of movement - Concerned with the foresight, good
judgement, abstract thinking.
4. Primary sensory/somesthetic area or
FISSURES OF CEREBRUM post – central gyrus
- Lies behind the central sulcus of
1. Longitudinal fissure – separates the Rolando in parietal lobe.
right and left hemisphere. - Sensation of pain, temperature,
2. Lateral sylvian fissure – separates the pressure and touch, position, and
frontal lobe and parietal lobe above the movement sensation from opposite
temporal lobe below. side of body are received and
3. Central sulcus (Rolandic fissure) – interpreted here.
separates the frontal lobe from the - Brodmann’s area 3,1, 2
parietal lobe. Stereognosis – ability to
4. Transverse fissure – between the recognize things.
cerebellum and the cerebrum. 5. Motor speech area
5. Parieto – occipital fissure – between - Lies in inferior frontal gyrus of dominant
the occipital and parietal lobe. hemisphere.
6. Calcarine fissure – found in the occipital - Broca’s area (Brodmann’s area 44, 45)
lobe; visual center (calcarine center) 6. Sensory speech area
LOBES OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX - Lies in temporal lobes posterior to
auditory are of dominant hemisphere.
1. Frontal lobe – includes all the cortex - Wernicke’s area (Brodmann’s area 22)
lying anterior to the central sulcus of 7. Auditory or hearing area (transverse
Rolando and above the lateral sulcus gyri of Heschi)
Silvius. - Lies below lateral sulus within the
- Center for the motor functions and temporal lobe.
personality. - Center for hearing.
2. Parietal lobe – lies posterior to central - Brodmann’s are 41, 42.
sulcus of Rolando above lateral sylvian 8. Visual area
fissure. - Calcarine area, around the calcarine
- Center for sensory functions. fissure, including greater part of the
3. Temporal lobe – lies beneath the lateral occipital lobe.
sulcus of sylvian. - Brodmann’s area 17.
- Center for hearing and olfaction 9. Olfactory or smell area
4. Occipital lobe – occupies the posterior - Within the temporal lobe.
extremity of the cerebral hemisphere 10. Taste area
behind parieto – occipital fissure. - Above the lateral sulcus into the deep
- Visual center layers of the sensory are.
5. Insula (island of Reil) – exposed when - Brodmann’s area 43.
the lips of lateral sylvian fissure are
separated. BASAL GANGLIA
FUNCTIONAL AREAS IF THE CEREBRUM - Masses of gray matter embedded in the
white matter of the cerebral
1. Primary motor area or pre-central hemisphere.
