Rasmussen College, New Port Richey NUR 2063/ NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology – Final Exam Review Sheet Covers Material from Modules 1: ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECT FALL-2021 SOLUTION GUARANTEED GRADE A+

1. Review the difference between homeostasis and allostasis. Allostasis is the overall process of adaptive change necessary 2. What is epidemiology? . Epidemiology the branch of medicine that deals with the study of the causes, distribution, and control of disease in populations….Review the different levels of disease prevention such as primary- preventionintermsofimprovednutrition,economy,housing,andsanitation Secondary- prevention that lead to the early diagnosis of disease and, in some cases, cure tertiary- prevention-once a disease becomes established, treatment as well as examples for each. Epidemiology the branch of medicine that deals with the study of the causes, distribution, and control of disease in populations. Primary- preventionintermsofimprovednutrition,economy,housing,andsanitation… Secondary- prevention that lead to the early diagnosis of disease and, in some cases, cure… Tertiary prevention- once a disease becomes established, treatment 3. Review the differences between the sympathetic vs the parasympathetic nervous systems. What happens to the body during “fight-or-flight” response? Sympathetic- stressful stimulus and release of norepinephrine. Parasympathetic-rest/relax 4. Review the functions of the various organelles of the cell such as the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosome, lysosome, endoplasmic reticulum- cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis. peroxisome- breakdown of very long chain fatty acids through beta oxidation golgi apparatus- a complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, involved in secretion and intracellular in molecules in sacs called cisternae and the transport of synthesized proteins in vesicles to the 5. Review the difference between active and passive immunity, know examples for each type. Active immunity -vacine ocurswhenindividualsareexposedtoantigen,whichconferslong-term protectionbut maytakeseveralwekstodevelop.)and (Passive immunity-Newborns receive IgA antibodies through breast milk. serotherapy, involves direct injection of antibodies into an unprotected person 6. What is edema?swelling Review the various factors that can contribute to edema-- heart failure, kidney problems 7. What is a hypersensitivity? Review the four different types of hypersensitivities: Type I (Anaphylactic)- (IgE)immediate hypersensitivity, allergic reaction Type II (Cytotoxic)- ABO transfusion reactions, hemolytic disease of the newborn, myasthenia gravis, hyperacute graft rejection, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia, IgM or IgG. Type III (Immune complex)-- inflammatory reaction to the antibody–antigen complex, , IgM and IgG, Immune complex- example Systemic Lupus E, Type IV (Delayed cell-mediated)--- (Delayed cell-mediated- example tuberculin reaction. Know examples and mediating factors for each type. Type IVa – Allergic Contact Dermatitis, Type IVa – Tuberculin-Typ….. Know examples and mediating factors for each type. 8. Review the differences between benign and malignant tumors. 9. Review signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease. epigastricburningpainthatisusualyrelievedbythe intakeofood(especialydairyproducts)orantacids.GIbleding,mayocurinpatientswithnowarning burning stomach pain, bloating or belching, Heartburn 10. Review signs and symptoms of appendicitis. Generalized periumbilical pain accompanied by nausea and, & diarrhea. Pain-“migrating”orlocalizingtothelowerRIGHTabdomen/// How do we assess for this condition? Low fever, nausea, anorexia, RIGHT quad pain, elevate WBC, rebound pain or tenderness at McBurney point 11. Review signs and symptoms of liver disease. Bruising,increasedbledingJaundice, Hepatomegaly, Splenomegaly,Varices, Anemia,Weakness,fatigue,anorexia,weightloss,muscle wasting,fever,Ascites/Review complications of liver disease such as ascites- acumulationof ic encephalopathy— Confusion, subtle behavioral changes, Drowsy, clear behavioral changes, flap present Stuporous, confusion, slurred speech, Coma TX. Osmotic diuretics or antibiotics .. esophageal varices-- result of cirrhosis attributable to alcoholism or viral hepatitis--- complication of portal hypertension…How are esophageal varices managed/treated? To lower blood pressure and decrease risk of bleeding(control bleeding) -Propranolol . Nadolol 12. What role does albumin play in the blood? 60% of the total protein in the blood, keep fliud from leaking out of blood vessels, nourishes tissues, and transports hormones, vitamins, drugs throughout the body. What happens to albumin production with liver failure? Serum albumin is low in liver failure 13. What are the function of the kidneys? drainexcesinterstitialfluidandproteinsregulateblod sup lyandreninreleas filtrationofwater-solublesubstances;(2)reabsorptionoffilterednutrients, water,andelectrolytes(3)secretionofwastesorexcessubstances…How do we assess for renal disorders? ? BUN levels are used to monitor the progression of renal disease or to screen for occult renal insufficiency. CreatinineclearanceisfrequentlyusedtoasesGFR BUNandcreatininearemeasured together,andtheratioisdetermined.AcutechangesinGFRarereflectedinahigherBUN-to-creatinine ratio,usuallygreaterthan20:1 14. What is cystic kidney disease? polycystic kidney disease, where cysts form in the kidneys. Genes code for proteins associated with the primary cilium 2types- autosomal-recesive(infant)andautosomal- dominant(adult)commonlyfoundinmen….What causes this condition? end stage renal disease 15. Review the following terms: nephrons- performingallfiltration,reabsorption,andsecretoryfunctions hematuria-- proteinuria- for biopsy, renal disease check.. nephrolithiasis-- -(stone) crystal ag regatescomposedoforganicandinorganicmaterials20and30years,loweramongAfrican AmericansandMexican…..pyelonephritis- -Chronic: smallatrophiedkidneyswithdiffusescaring uction or ureteral reflux that allows contaminated urine to enter the kidney… cystitis-- inflammation of the bladder lining, may result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infections 16. Review signs and symptoms of acute kidney injury (AKI). Review causes of AKI including prerenal- S/S- fluid volume overload, oliguria, low urinary sodium.. Intrinsic- S/S: declining urine output. postrenal. - Obstruction of the normal outflow of urine, more common in the elderly.Know examples of each type of injury. 17. What is compartment syndrome? trauma to soft tissue caused Why does it occur and what are the signs? decreased compartment size, increased compartment content, or externally applied pressure….Remember the 5 P’s-- Pain. Pressure. Paresthesia (numbness). Paralysis. Pulselessness 18. What are pressure ulcers? bedsores, are localized damage to the skin and/or underlying tissue.. How are the staged and how can we prevent them? Stage I:The skin is intact, Stage II: An open wound, Stage III: A deep wound- Deep damage may expose a fat layer, Stage IV: Large scale tissue loss- exposes bone, muscle or tendons. 19. What are electrolyte reservoirs? Electrolytes come from the food and liquids you consume. What electrolytes are found stored in bones? Ca 20. Review diseases of the bone including:Osteomyeliti-isaninfectioninabone…Osteosarcoma isa typeofbonecancerfoundinlongbonesOsteomalaci referstoamarkedsofteningofyourbones, mostoftencausedbyseverevitaminDdeficiency… Osteoporosi causesbonestobecomeweak andbrittle 21. Review disorders of the joints including: (Rheumatoid arthritis—CAUSE:Age, Family history, Environment, Gender, Obesity, Smoking. Pain. Inflammation, Stiffness) (Osteoarthritis- Heredity, Pain after overuse or after long periods of inactivity ,Stiffness after periods of rest,Bony enlargements in the middle and end joints of the fingers (which may or may not be painful) (Psoriatic arthritis- is a skin disease that causes a red, scaly rash, most often on your elbows, knees, ankles, feet, hands welling) (Gout-- caused due to accumulation of uric acid crystals, called urate, in the joints. Excess consumption of meat and seafood, 50 years of age Certain medications. Know causes and signs/symptoms for each. (done!) 22. Review endocrine disorders of the pituitary gland including: (Gigantism- over-production of growth hormone, estradiol,produced)(Dwarfism- Inadequatesecretionofthyroxinebythethyroidglandor insufficientgrowthhormonesecretionfrom thepituitarygland Acromegaly- GH excess is called acromegaly, frequencyinmen)(Diabetes insipidus- deficientantidiuretichormoneverydiluteurine andexcesiv thirst)(SIADH-- isasociatedwithpulmonarytumors,centralnervoussystem disease,Exces ADH) 23. Review which organisms/viruses contribute to the following conditions: (Pelvic inflammatory disease-, cause gonorrhea or chlamydia infections) (Cervical cancer- main cause HPV-Verrucae, or warts (Fig. 53.4), are common benign papillomas caused by DNA-containing papillomaviruses) (UTI--) ( Herpes1. Kissing, 2 sexual contact )- (Syphilis-- Treponema pallidum, an anaerobic spirochete, sexual contact) 24. What is parathyroid hormone (PTH)--fou parathyroid glands,Adecreaseinserum calcium level causesareleaseofPTH,calcium leveleadstosup resionofPTHsecretion) (Which electrolyte is primarily affected by PTH disorders- Serum calcium 25. Review differences between Cushings syndrome (hypercortisolism)-- adrenocortical hyperfunction is caused by disease of the adrenal cortex, moonface,hirsutism,demineralizationofthebones (osteoporosis, Cortisolincreases(adrenal adenoma (Addison’s disease (adrenocortical insufficiency)--- destructionoftheadrenalcortexthroughidiopathicorautoimmunemechanismstuberculosis, trauma,Hyperpigmentation 26. Review the differences between hypothyroidism--- intrinsic dysfunction of the thyroid gland, Congenital hypothyroidism, developmentmaybereferedtoascretinism and hyperthyroidism— increasedsynthesis andsecretionofT4 andT3, , Gravesdisease.What labs can be drawn to determine if an individual is suffering from a thyroid disorder? TSH 27. Review the difference between Type 1 diabetes characterizedbydestructionoftheβcellsofthe pancreas-,verproductionofglucagonbypancreaticαcellsstimulatesglycogenolysis ( type II- need insulin, 2diabetesmelitusareresistantotheactionofinsulinonperipheraltisues 28. What are signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia- Blurred vision. Fatigue. Weight loss. Poor or delayed wound healing. ( hypoglycemia-- hunger,visualdisturbance,weaknes,paresthesias, confusion,agitation,coma,anddeath (What are the three Ps? polyuria, polydipsia and polyphagia 29. Review the difference between primary and secondary brain injury. TBI, primary injuries result immediately from the initial trauma…Secondary injury is an indirect result of the injury. It results from processes initiated by the trauma.. What is a reperfusion injury? Celdeathresultingfrom ischemia occurs and blood supply to the tissues has been restored called reperfusion injury 30. Review causes of intracranial pressure; how does it lead to impaired neurological function? LOC, decrease motor function, speech issues, sbp ^ & pulse down, headache…(cause Aneurysm rupture , Encephalitis, Hydrocephalus (increased fluid around the brain)