CMY3701_ EXAM PACK 2021.

CMY3701_ EXAM PACK 2021. CMY3701 - The Explanation Of Crime. The main strength of the differential association theory is that it showed that crime was not just a product of ___ but that it could occur in all settings. 1. learned behaviour 2. poverty 3. criminal attitudes 4. delinquency Answer: The correct answer is 2 Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 102 Reasoning: “The main strength of the theory of differential association, according to Jones (2001:147), is that it showed that crime was not just a product of poverty, but that it could occur in all settings, ranging from slum areas to large business operations.” Question 2 Discounting the existence of threatening impulses is called ___. 1) displacement. 2) denial. 3) determination. 4) sublimation. Answer: The correct answer is 2 Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 22 Reasoning: “DENIAL is simply discounting the existence of threatening impulses. For example, a person with homosexual tendencies may vehemently deny ever feeling any physical attraction to a person of the same sex (Cassel & Bernstein, 2007:82).” Question 3 Becker (1963) is of the opinion that deviant behaviour is a social product created by: 1) Interactionism 2) Society 3) Labelling 4) Determinism Answer: The correct answer is 2 Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 124 Reasoning: “The primary focus of Becker's study was to explain how a person is labelled as an outsider. Deviant behaviour, according to Becker, is a social product created by society. Whether a juvenile is therefore labelled as deviant will depend on the reaction of other people to the act, and not on the nature of the activity itself.” Question 4 Which researchers indicated that there is moderate evidence of both genetic and environmental influence in antisocial behaviour? 1) Christiansen and Lange 2) West and Farrington 3) Rhee and Waldman 4) Hutchings and Medwick Answer: The correct answer is 3 Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 35 Reasoning: “Rhee and Waldman (Jones, 2001:351) conducted an analysis of twin and adoption studies. They concluded that there is moderate evidence of both genetic and environmental influences in antisocial behaviour.” Question 5 The positivist school focuses on the nature and characteristics of ___. 1) the criminal event. 2) the individual offender 3) the criminal behaviour. 4) the situational factors. Answer: The correct answer is 2 Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 26 Reasoning: “The basic assumptions of positivism are highlighted by Bartollas (2006:78) and White and Haines (2004:40-42): • It is the character and personal backgrounds of individuals that explain criminal behaviour. The focus of analysis is therefore on the nature and characteristics of the offender, rather than on the criminal act… “ Question 6 What, according to Lilly et al (2007), is the danger in rational choice theory? 1) Factors influencing offenders’ decision to break the law is ignored. 2) Offenders will be treated as being solely rational decision-makers. 3) Criminal justice policies only focus on making crime a costly decision. 4) Offenders’ social context is not taken into consideration. Answer: The correct answer is 2 Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 18 Reasoning: “The danger in rational choice theory, however, is that offenders will be treated as though they were only rational decisionmakers. When this occurs, the context that influences their decision to break the law is ignored, and commentators begin to recommend harsh criminal justice policies that focus solely on making crime a costly decision. In other words, they ignore the offender's social context (Lilly et al, 2007:277).” Question 7 ___ is associated with social learning and states that behaviour is shaped by the consequence that follows the act. 1) Classical school 2) Psychological positivism 3) Operant conditioning 4) Sociological positivism Answer: The correct answer is 3 Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 23 Reasoning: “OPERANT CONDITIONING is associated with social learning theory which states that behaviour is shaped by the consequences that follow the act (Anderson, Dyson, Langsam & Brooks, 2007:156).” Question 8 Neo-classicists assert that a person is still accountable for his or her actions but with minor reservations. Which two specific factors will influence the offender to reform? 1) Free choice and feeble-mindedness. 2) Rationality and competence 3) Crime and punishment 4) Past history and present situation Answer: The correct answer is 4 Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 8 Reasoning: “According to neo-classicists, a person is still accountable for his or her actions, but with certain minor reservations - it is acknowledged that the offender's past history and present situation both influence the likelihood of reform (Joyce, 2006:4).”