CH 9 Stress and Disease
1. Physiological stress involve
a. Enlargement of adrenal gland
b. Hypertrophy thymus gland
c. Decreased lymphocyte levels in blood from damaged lymphatic structures
d. Develop bleeding ulcers in stomach due to acid
2.General adaptation syndrome GAS
a. Alarm
i. Fight or flight sympathetic
ii. Secretion of catecholamines
iii. Boost immune system to fight infection
b. resistance/adaptation
i. Continued mobilization of the body’s resources to cope and overcome
challenge
ii. Parasympathetic
iii. Can you resist the stressor?
c. Exhaustion (allostatic overload)
i. Can't cope anymore
ii. Onset of diseases (diseases of adaptation)
iii. Death
d. Psychological stressors can elicit a reactive or anticipatory stress
i. Reactive response are physiological changes (heart rate up, dry mouth)in
response to a psychological stress (exams)
ii. Anticipatory response occurs when physiological responses develop in
anticipation or psychological stress or threat
3.Allostasis
a. “Stability through change”
b. How much epinephrine to release?
c. Driving ex. Body will know how to adapt from previous experience
d. Monitor and anticipate what it needs to do in order to overcome future stress
e. Allostatic overload is the overactivation of adaptive sys. that lead to disease
i. Sleep deprivation
f. Highly individualized
4.Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal system HPA
a. Steps HPA system
i. Stress activates the hypothalamus to secrete corticotropin releasing
hormone (CRH)
ii. CRH binds to anterior pituitary cells to produce ACTH
iii. ACTH transported to the adrenal cortex on top of kidneys
iv. Cortisol released (Glucocorticoids)
, b. Cortisol regulate CNS
i. Arousal
ii. Cognition
iii. Mood
iv. Sleep
v. Protein catabolism
vi. Metabolism
vii. Growth and reproduction
viii. Cardio
ix. Immune and antiinflammatory
x. Gluconeogenesis stimulates formation of glucose from non carb sources
(amino acid or fatty acid)
xi. Elevates blood glucose = increase energy
xii. Excess cause diabetes, loss of bone density, ulcer, etc
c. Elevated glucocorticoids and catecholamines can decrease innate immunity and
increase autoimmune response
i. Can also increase t cell apoptosis
d. Cytokines secreted by th2 cells inhibit th1 and promote adaptive immunity
e. Th1 to Th2 shift is the decrease of Th1 and increase of Th2
5.Sympathetic nervous system
a. Aroused simultaneously with HPA system
b. Release norepinephrine and epinephrine (catecholamines)
c. Catecholamine
i. from adrenal medulla
ii. Stimulate alpha and beta receptors
iii. Epinephrine - alpha and beta
1. Cardiac by increasing contractility inotropic effect
2. Increase HR chronotropic effect
3. Increase venous return and CO and BP
4. Dilates blood vessels supplying skeletal m
5. Cause hyperglycemia
6. Decrease insulin
7. Mobilize fatty acids and cholesterol
iv. Norepinephrine- alpha
v. Catecholamine Can impede wound healing cuz pro inflammatory
1. Increases norepinephrine = production of leukocytes
2. Increase inflammation cause non specific symptoms called
sickness syndrome
vi. Cardiovascular disease, depression,
6.Parasympathetic
a. anti inflammatory response
b. Slow heart rate
, c. Under allostatic overload, it will decrease containment of sympathetic ns resulting
in increase inflammatory responses
7.Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
a. Is a sympathetic neurotransmitter
b. Stress mediator
c. Growth factor
d. Atherosclerosis and tissue remodeling
8.Peripheral immune CRH
a. Proinfalmmatory
b. Vasodilation and increase permeability
9.Role of Immune System
a. Immune, nervous, and endocrine communicate through similar pathways using
hormones, neurotransmitter, immune cell products, neuropeptides
b. Immune has receptors for stress products
c. Excess glucose will stop IL1 production from macrophage and monocytes
d. Prolonged stress = enlarged adrenal gland (continuously pumping out hormones)
e. Involution (shrink) of thymus and lymph nodes
f. Pineal gland regulate circadian rhythms
i. If melatonin is blocked = suppressed immune
g. Decrease NK and cytotoxic T cells = cancer and disease, infections
10. Telomeres
a. Caps on end of chromosome that protect genetic info
b. As it replicates it gets shorter and then apoptosis
c. Stress speeds up shortening so early death of cell occur
i. Shorter lifespan
ii. Mental disorders
11. Coping
a. Managing stressful challenges tha tax individual's resources
b. Personality
c. Adaptive maladaptive
d. Help clients by hooking them up with programs and resources
e. Key lifestyle factors
i. Sleep (excess cortisol van interfere)
ii. exercise
iii. Nutrition
f. Psychosocial
i. Compassion
ii. Appraisal
iii. Support
g. Activities
, i. Dance, walk, yoga
h. Mindful therapy
i. Instead of what ifs say ok i will study harder
ii. Accept it
CH 10 Cancer Biology
1. Tumor is a neoplasm or a new growth
2. Not all tumors are neoplasm but are cancer
3.Tumor Classification
a. Benign
i. Grow slow
ii. Encapsulated with conn. Tissue
iii. Well differentiated
iv. Well organized stroma
v. Recognizable normal tissue
vi. Don't invade beyond capsule dont metastasis
vii. Named according to tissue
1. Lipoma - fat cells
2. Leiomyoma- smooth m of uterus
3. Meningioma- base of skull
b. Malignant
i. Rapid growth
ii. Poor differentiation (anaplasia)
iii. Pleomorphic various size and shape
iv. Non encapsulate
v. Proliferate beyond
vi. Metastasize
vii. Disorganized stroma
viii. Named by cell type
1. Carcinoma- epithelial
a. Adenocarcinoma- arise from glandular or ductal structures
(lung, breast, colon)
2. Sarcoma- mesenchymal (connective, muscle, and bone)
3. Lymphoma- lymphatic tissue
1. Physiological stress involve
a. Enlargement of adrenal gland
b. Hypertrophy thymus gland
c. Decreased lymphocyte levels in blood from damaged lymphatic structures
d. Develop bleeding ulcers in stomach due to acid
2.General adaptation syndrome GAS
a. Alarm
i. Fight or flight sympathetic
ii. Secretion of catecholamines
iii. Boost immune system to fight infection
b. resistance/adaptation
i. Continued mobilization of the body’s resources to cope and overcome
challenge
ii. Parasympathetic
iii. Can you resist the stressor?
c. Exhaustion (allostatic overload)
i. Can't cope anymore
ii. Onset of diseases (diseases of adaptation)
iii. Death
d. Psychological stressors can elicit a reactive or anticipatory stress
i. Reactive response are physiological changes (heart rate up, dry mouth)in
response to a psychological stress (exams)
ii. Anticipatory response occurs when physiological responses develop in
anticipation or psychological stress or threat
3.Allostasis
a. “Stability through change”
b. How much epinephrine to release?
c. Driving ex. Body will know how to adapt from previous experience
d. Monitor and anticipate what it needs to do in order to overcome future stress
e. Allostatic overload is the overactivation of adaptive sys. that lead to disease
i. Sleep deprivation
f. Highly individualized
4.Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal system HPA
a. Steps HPA system
i. Stress activates the hypothalamus to secrete corticotropin releasing
hormone (CRH)
ii. CRH binds to anterior pituitary cells to produce ACTH
iii. ACTH transported to the adrenal cortex on top of kidneys
iv. Cortisol released (Glucocorticoids)
, b. Cortisol regulate CNS
i. Arousal
ii. Cognition
iii. Mood
iv. Sleep
v. Protein catabolism
vi. Metabolism
vii. Growth and reproduction
viii. Cardio
ix. Immune and antiinflammatory
x. Gluconeogenesis stimulates formation of glucose from non carb sources
(amino acid or fatty acid)
xi. Elevates blood glucose = increase energy
xii. Excess cause diabetes, loss of bone density, ulcer, etc
c. Elevated glucocorticoids and catecholamines can decrease innate immunity and
increase autoimmune response
i. Can also increase t cell apoptosis
d. Cytokines secreted by th2 cells inhibit th1 and promote adaptive immunity
e. Th1 to Th2 shift is the decrease of Th1 and increase of Th2
5.Sympathetic nervous system
a. Aroused simultaneously with HPA system
b. Release norepinephrine and epinephrine (catecholamines)
c. Catecholamine
i. from adrenal medulla
ii. Stimulate alpha and beta receptors
iii. Epinephrine - alpha and beta
1. Cardiac by increasing contractility inotropic effect
2. Increase HR chronotropic effect
3. Increase venous return and CO and BP
4. Dilates blood vessels supplying skeletal m
5. Cause hyperglycemia
6. Decrease insulin
7. Mobilize fatty acids and cholesterol
iv. Norepinephrine- alpha
v. Catecholamine Can impede wound healing cuz pro inflammatory
1. Increases norepinephrine = production of leukocytes
2. Increase inflammation cause non specific symptoms called
sickness syndrome
vi. Cardiovascular disease, depression,
6.Parasympathetic
a. anti inflammatory response
b. Slow heart rate
, c. Under allostatic overload, it will decrease containment of sympathetic ns resulting
in increase inflammatory responses
7.Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
a. Is a sympathetic neurotransmitter
b. Stress mediator
c. Growth factor
d. Atherosclerosis and tissue remodeling
8.Peripheral immune CRH
a. Proinfalmmatory
b. Vasodilation and increase permeability
9.Role of Immune System
a. Immune, nervous, and endocrine communicate through similar pathways using
hormones, neurotransmitter, immune cell products, neuropeptides
b. Immune has receptors for stress products
c. Excess glucose will stop IL1 production from macrophage and monocytes
d. Prolonged stress = enlarged adrenal gland (continuously pumping out hormones)
e. Involution (shrink) of thymus and lymph nodes
f. Pineal gland regulate circadian rhythms
i. If melatonin is blocked = suppressed immune
g. Decrease NK and cytotoxic T cells = cancer and disease, infections
10. Telomeres
a. Caps on end of chromosome that protect genetic info
b. As it replicates it gets shorter and then apoptosis
c. Stress speeds up shortening so early death of cell occur
i. Shorter lifespan
ii. Mental disorders
11. Coping
a. Managing stressful challenges tha tax individual's resources
b. Personality
c. Adaptive maladaptive
d. Help clients by hooking them up with programs and resources
e. Key lifestyle factors
i. Sleep (excess cortisol van interfere)
ii. exercise
iii. Nutrition
f. Psychosocial
i. Compassion
ii. Appraisal
iii. Support
g. Activities
, i. Dance, walk, yoga
h. Mindful therapy
i. Instead of what ifs say ok i will study harder
ii. Accept it
CH 10 Cancer Biology
1. Tumor is a neoplasm or a new growth
2. Not all tumors are neoplasm but are cancer
3.Tumor Classification
a. Benign
i. Grow slow
ii. Encapsulated with conn. Tissue
iii. Well differentiated
iv. Well organized stroma
v. Recognizable normal tissue
vi. Don't invade beyond capsule dont metastasis
vii. Named according to tissue
1. Lipoma - fat cells
2. Leiomyoma- smooth m of uterus
3. Meningioma- base of skull
b. Malignant
i. Rapid growth
ii. Poor differentiation (anaplasia)
iii. Pleomorphic various size and shape
iv. Non encapsulate
v. Proliferate beyond
vi. Metastasize
vii. Disorganized stroma
viii. Named by cell type
1. Carcinoma- epithelial
a. Adenocarcinoma- arise from glandular or ductal structures
(lung, breast, colon)
2. Sarcoma- mesenchymal (connective, muscle, and bone)
3. Lymphoma- lymphatic tissue
