LESSON 8
DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE HEART.
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY has now become the major imaging technique for
morphological as well as functional information. Three basic techniques are used
in cardiac ultrasound-M mode, two dimensional sector scanning and Doppler
echocardiography.
M mode is a continuous scan recorded over a period of time with a pencil
beam of sound directed towards the structure of interest. The distance
between the various structures and their movement towards and away from
the transducer are recorded from short periods, usually 5-10 seconds.
Two dimensional method demonstrates a fanshaped slice of the heart in
motion can be recorded on video tape.
Doppler echocardiography is an extremely useful tool for determining the
velocity and direction of blood flow through the heart valves and within
cardiac chambers. Doppler flow measurements are used to-
-quantify pressure gradients across stenotic valves
-quantify flow
-measure cardiac output or left to right shunts
-detect and quantify valvular regurgitation.
With color and pulse Dopplerography the direction and velocity of flow are
color coded to allow the observer to appreciate the direction and magnitude of flow
in specific anatomical sites.
PLAIN RADIOGRAPHS are useful for looking at the effects of cardiac disease
of the lungs and pleural cavities, but provide only limited information about the
heart itself. The standard plain films for the evaluation of cardiac diseases are the
PA view and lateral chest film for visualization herat border. For example, at the
DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE HEART.
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY has now become the major imaging technique for
morphological as well as functional information. Three basic techniques are used
in cardiac ultrasound-M mode, two dimensional sector scanning and Doppler
echocardiography.
M mode is a continuous scan recorded over a period of time with a pencil
beam of sound directed towards the structure of interest. The distance
between the various structures and their movement towards and away from
the transducer are recorded from short periods, usually 5-10 seconds.
Two dimensional method demonstrates a fanshaped slice of the heart in
motion can be recorded on video tape.
Doppler echocardiography is an extremely useful tool for determining the
velocity and direction of blood flow through the heart valves and within
cardiac chambers. Doppler flow measurements are used to-
-quantify pressure gradients across stenotic valves
-quantify flow
-measure cardiac output or left to right shunts
-detect and quantify valvular regurgitation.
With color and pulse Dopplerography the direction and velocity of flow are
color coded to allow the observer to appreciate the direction and magnitude of flow
in specific anatomical sites.
PLAIN RADIOGRAPHS are useful for looking at the effects of cardiac disease
of the lungs and pleural cavities, but provide only limited information about the
heart itself. The standard plain films for the evaluation of cardiac diseases are the
PA view and lateral chest film for visualization herat border. For example, at the
