Exam 2 - study guide (2) all solved FALL-2021/2022 CORRECT SOLUTION 100%

1. Histology (25 questions) - Define histology - Identify/Understand 4 types of tissues: Epithelium, Connective tissue, Muscle tissue, Nervous tissue - Histological techniques: List the steps for the preparation of specimens for histological study, Light microscope vs electron microscope (magnification, stains used) - Identify key stains used to visualize tissues: methyl blue (differential staining of tissue sections), H&E (differentiate nucleic acids in the nucleus), van gieson (general statining of connective tissue fibers), trichrome (stain cellular components using three different dyes), silver nitrate (Golgi’s method?) - Classification of epithelial tissue: Cell shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar) and Cell layers (simple epithelia, stratified epithelia) - Exocrine vs. endocrine glands: Exocrine glands: consist of a glandular portion, and a duct portion. They secrete their non-hormone products into ducts that carry these products to other organs or outside the body Endocrine glands: lack ducts. They produce hormones which are secreted directly into the bloodstream - Connective tissue: The most widespread, and the most varied of all tissues. It is the collective term for support cells and associated extracellular matrix. - List and identify support cells (fibroblasts, adipocytes, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, myofibroblasts) - Mast cells (store and secrete histamine and heparin in response to inflammarory processes and allergic response), and White blood cells (macrophages and plasma cells): primary function is not support but may present in connective tissue - Extracellular matrix: made up of fibers (fibrillary proteins) and a ground substance component. - Loose vs. dense connective tissue: - Muscle Tissue: A specialized tissue with both contractile and conducing properties. It consists of elongated cells that contract in response to stimulation. The body contains 3 types of muscle tissues: skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle. - Nervous Tissue: has a high degree of excitability and conductivity – more than other tissues. Found in brain, spinal cord and nerves, nerve tissue consists of 2 types of cells: 1. Neurons (nerve cells) – the units that conduct nervous inpulses 2. Neuroglia (a specialized group of support cells) – non-neuronal cells. Protect and assist neurons. - Membranes: 2 main types of membrane: epithelial membrane (mucous, serous, cutaneous membranes) and connective tissue membrane (synovial membrane) - Tissue Repair: When a cut occurs in the skin, the epithelium regenerates while the underlying tissue heals by fibrosis (occurs when damaged tissue is replaced with scar tissue)