ERSC181 B001 Introduction to Geology Test Bank (all previous questions/ answers) 2021/2022. A+ Guide.

Pervious questions 4.0/ 4.0 Points Which two elements are the most common in the crust?  A. iron and magnesium  B. potassium and magnesium  C. silicon and oxygen Which element comprises about 8% of the crust?  A. silicon  B. iron  C. aluminum Which of the following techniques is the MOST diagnostic or reliable?  A. color  B. hardness  C. cleavage Question 4 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points Which of the following is considered to be composed of a mineral?  A. lab-grown diamond  B. your teeth C. icicle  D. coal  E. glass (un-ordered atoms) Question 5 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points The periodic table provides a lot of information. Which of the following is NOT provided by the periodic table?  A. element name  B. atomic mass  C. isotope number Question 6 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points The way a mineral reflects light is called what?  A. fracture  B. cleavage  C. luster Question 7 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points A silicate tetrahedron is composed of what?  A. four oxygen atoms and four silicon atoms  B. one oxygen atom and four silicon atoms  C. one silicon atom and four oxygen atomsFeedback: 3.3 Silicate Minerals Question 8 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Which type of bond would you expect to find in gold?  A. ionic  B. covalent  C. metallic Question 9 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points The tendency of a mineral to break along certain planes to make smooth surfaces is called what?  A. luster  B. fracture  C. cleavage Feedback: 3.5.5 Cleavage and Fracture Question 10 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Which classification of mineral is most dominate in the Earth’s crust? A. carbonates  B. chlorinate  C. silicates Feedback: 3.3 Silicate Minerals Question 11 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Which subatomic particle is NOT found in the nucleus?  A. proton  B. neutron  C. electron Feedback: 3.1.1 Question 12 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Point Which type of bond involves the transfer of electrons?  A. covalent  B. metallic  C. ionic Feedback: 3.1.3 Chemical Bonding Question 13 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points These minerals commonly form chains, sheets, and rings? A. carbonates  B. chlorinate  C. silicates Feedback: 3.3 Silicate Minerals Part 2 of 2 - Science of Geology 40.0/ 48.0 Points Question 14 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Which of the following is the best definition of geology?  A. Geology is the study of how the environment is affected by humans and activities, including resource use and population growth.  B. Geology is the study of matter, energy, and the natural and physical forces that act on and between them.  C. Geology is the study of how the Earth was made, its composition and structure. This includes natural forces acting on the Earth as well as how life has changed over time. Feedback: 1.4 Why Study Geology? Module 1: Science of Geology Question 15 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Point Which type of geologist studies the geology of airborne electromagnetics, gravity, magnetics, magnetotellurics, radiometrics, rock properties, and seismicity?  A. seismologist  B. paleontologist  C. geophysicist Feedback: 1.4 Why Study Geology? Question 16 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 PointsGeologists study all but which of the following?  A. volcanoes  B. earthquakes  C. current life Feedback: 1 Understanding Science Question 17 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Which type of fieldnotes is the recording of factual data?  A. reflective  B. informational  C. descriptive Feedback: Geologic Tools Question 18 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 PointsThe scientific method is not always linear. Why?  A. because you can skip steps as you go  B. since scientists don’t make mistakes it is not necessary to follow the direct path of the method  C. because it may be necessary to re-evaluate your hypothesis Feedback: 1.1.1 The Scientific Method Question 19 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Which type of geologist studies past life and its preservation?  A. mineralogist  B. geophysicist  C. paleontologist Feedback: 1.4 Why Study Geology? Question 20 of 254.0/ 4.0 Points Which type of map shows the different types of rocks found in an area?  A. bathymetric  B. topographic  C. geologic Feedback: Module 1: Science of Geology Question 21 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Geology is unique because geologists rely on information and data from:  A. the present  B. the past  C. the present and the past Feedback: 1.4.3 Geologic Time and Deep Time Question 22 of 254.0/ 4.0 Points Which of the following is an example of a hypotheses?  A. is the time it takes for a volcanic eruption  B. is how often an earthquake occurs  C. if stress is put on a fault, an earthquake may result Feedback: 1.1.1 The Scientific Method Question 23 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points Which of the following is the best definition of a hypothesis?  A. a hypothesis is an educated guess  B. a hypothesis explains a phenomenon  C. a hypothesis is an explanation of a question that can be tested Feedback: 1.1.1 The Scientific Method Question 24 of 254.0/ 4.0 Points The scientific method ________.  A. is a step by step process.  B. is one-directional.  C. can be more cyclic than linear. Feedback: 1.1.1 The Scientific Method Question 25 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points The scientific method often begins with a question. What might the next step be?  A. forming a hypothesis  B. designing an experiment  C. conducting research Feedback: 1.1.1 The Scientific Method Question 1 of 250.0/ 4.0 Points Ocean–continent convergent boundaries are commonly associated with which landforms?  A. oceanic trench, island arc  B. volcanic arc, forearc basin  C. broad mountain range, folds Feedback: 2 Plate Tectonics Question 2 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Most scientists of the time ________ the idea of continental drift.  A. accepted  B. were unsure about  C. rejected Feedback: 2 Plate Tectonics Question 3 of 254.0/ 4.0 Points Which of the following is NOT an example of a hot spot?  A. Yellowstone  B. Hawaii  C. the Himalayas  D. Tahiti Feedback: 2 Plate Tectonics Question 4 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points What piece of evidence for continental drift explains why we find ancient reefs in cold climates?  A. the increase is sea level  B. the fact that continents move C. polar wandering Feedback: 2 Plate Tectonics Question 5 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Which characteristics describe divergent boundaries?  A. plates moving apart, the creation of new seafloor, and the Mid Ocean Ridge  B. deep sea trenches, the destruction of seafloor crust, and subduction  C. crust being neither created nor destroyed and shearing motion Feedback: 2 Plate Tectonics Question 6 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Oceanic plates are composed of what rock type?  A. granite  B. quartz C. basalt  D. diorite Feedback: 2 Plate Tectonics Question 7 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Ocean-to-continent convergent boundaries can produce all but which of the following?  A. new sea-floor  B. volcanoes  C. mountains Feedback: 2 Plate Tectonics Question 8 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points Which piece of evidence renewed the scientific community's interest in continental drift? A. how the continents fit together  B. the presence of similar fossils on opposite sides of the oceans  C. paleomagnetism  D. glacial evidence in warm climates Feedback: 2.1.3 Development of Plate Tectonic Theory Question 9 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Where do island arc volcanoes form?  A. convergent boundaries.  B. hot spots  C. divergent boundaries. D. mid-ocean ridges Feedback: 2 Plate Tectonics Question 10 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points What possible driving force did Wegener consider?  A. convection in the crust  B. conduction in the mantle  C. convection in the mantle Feedback: 2 Plate Tectonics Question 11 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points The vast majority of Earth’s earthquakes and active volcanoes are located at  A. Mid Ocean Ridge  B. transform boundaries C. convergent boundaries  D. divergent boundaries Feedback: 2 Plate Tectonics Question 12 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points One possible theory is that hot spots form as a direct result of ________.  A. a non-stationary zone in the crust that is hotter than the surrounding area.  B. an increase in temperature due to the friction caused as plates move and bump into each other.  C. a mantle plume which causes melting at the surface allowing magma to escape. Feedback: 2 Plate Tectonics Question 13 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Which type of boundaries involve deep sea trenches, the destruction of seafloor crust, and subduction? A. transform boundaries  B. convergent boundaries  C. divergent boundaries Feedback: 2 Plate Tectonics Part 2 of 2 - Geologic Time 32.0/ 48.0 Points Question 14 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points A fault that bisects a rock formation is younger than the rock unit according to the Principle of  A. Lateral Continuity  B. Original Horizontality  C. Cross-Cutting Relationships D. Stratigraphy Feedback: Chapter 7 Geologic Time Question 15 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points What materials were used in the 1950s to accurately determine the age of the Earth as 4.55 billion years?  A. oceanic crust from the Northwest Pacific sea floor  B. Gneisses from the continental shields  C. Meteorites  D. Xenoliths from the outer core  E. Zircons from Australia Feedback: Since meteorites are stuff left over at the time of the formation of the Earth and solar system, they were used to determine the age of the Earth as part of that process. Question 16 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points Which best describes half life? A. Half time between a decay  B. Time for half of a radioactive sample to decay  C. Time for half of a single radioactive atom to decay  D. Half of the time between a decay Feedback: When one half life is passed, half of the parent atoms have decayed. Question 17 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points Which stratigraphic principle states the fact that sedimentary rocks are deposited in layers perpendicular to the direction of gravity?  A. Original horizontality  B. Superposition C. Cross-cutting relations  D. Faunal succession  E. Lateral continuity Feedback: Original horizontality states that layered rocks start out in horizontal layers perpendicular to gravity. Question 18 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points In a series of undisturbed sedimentary rock layers, the oldest layers are  A. On the bottom  B. On the top  C. variable depending on location Feedback: Chapter 7 Geologic Time Question 19 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Which kind of unconformity is probably the hardest to recognize among layered rocks? A. Disconformity  B. Paraconformity  C. Non-depositional unconformity  D. Non-conformity  E. Angular unconformity Feedback: disconformities occur between parallel layers and are often recognized only by studying the fossils contained in them. Question 20 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Which of the following is NOT a way of correlating rocks?  A. Topographic expression B. Rock type  C. Fossils  D. Time (age) Feedback: Topography is often unrelated to underlying geologic formations and structures. Question 21 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Which of these time divisions is the longest?  A. Eon  B. Era  C. Age  D. Epoch E. Period Feedback: An EON is the longest. The Phanerozoic Eon is the eon we currently are in. Question 22 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points Which of the following is NOT a trace fossil?  A. Footprint  B. bone  C. Fossil poop (coprolites)  D. Burrow mold Feedback: Trace fossils are evidence of past life, but not the organism itself. Question 23 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Which mineral is the most commonly used for dating?  A. Quartz B. Olivine  C. Amphibole  D. Diamond  E. Zircon Feedback: Zircons, although rare, are chemically and mechanically resistant and contain trace uranium used for dating. As geologists say, a zircon is forever, not diamond! Question 24 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points This dating method is used to determine the ages of rocks in years  A. absolute  B. relative C. fossil  D. mineral Feedback: Chapter 7 Geologic Time Question 25 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points Darwin’s explanation of Evolution as the origin of species centered on what?  A. DNA  B. Sexual reproduction  C. Acquired characteristics  D. Natural selection  E. Medelian heredity Part 1 of 2 - 44.0/ 48.0 Points Question 1 of 254.0/ 4.0 Points Which type of waves are compressional in nature?  A. L  B. P  C. S  D. C Question 2 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points If you are interested in knowing the most accurate calculation of the amount of energy released by an earthquake, which scale would you consult?  A. Richter Magnitude cale  B. Modified Mercalli scale C. Magnitude Moment scale  D. Seismic Moment scale Question 3 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Where would an earthquake most likely occur?  A. at the poles  B. in the middle of a continent  C. along plate boundaries  D. in the middle of an ocean Question 4 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points What is a shadow zone and why does it exist?  A. A shadow zone appears on the same side of the planet as the earthquake sourcebecause P waves cannot move through liquid.  B. A shadow zone appears on the same side of the planet as the earthquake source because S waves cannot move through liquid.  C. A shadow zone appears on the opposite side of the planet from the earthquake source because P waves cannot move through liquid.  D. A shadow zone appears on the opposite side of the planet from the earthquake source because S waves cannot move through liquid. Question 5 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Which of the following statement is the most accurate?  A. Earthquakes are caused when water or oil penetrate into the subsurface and cause a lubricating effect. This causes the rocks to slip.  B. Earthquakes are caused when stresses on rocks are too great and the rock breaks, typically along fault lines or plate boundaries.  C. Earthquakes are caused by an increase in magma pushing its way through transformboundaries. Question 6 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points The spot on the surface directly above where the earthquake occurred is called the what?  A. epicenter  B. fault plane  C. focus  D. earthquake center Question 7 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Which of the following is NOT associated with earthquakes?  A. liquefaction B. lahar  C. tsunamis  D. seiche  E. sand volcano Question 8 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points If you are interested in only knowing the amount of damage caused by the earthquake, which scale would you consult?  A. the Magnitude Moment scale  B. the Modified Mercalli scale  C. the Seismic Moment scale D. the Richter Magnitude scale Question 9 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points What is the feature called where most active earthquakes (and volcanoes) are found?  A. the Arctic Ring of Fire  B. the Pacific Ring of Fire  C. the Japan Ring of Fire  D. the Atlantic Ring of Fire Question 10 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Which of the following is a secondary hazard associated with earthquakes?  A. tsunami B. liquefaction  C. seiche  D. All are secondary hazards Question 11 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points Which of the following would experience the most amount of damage from an earthquake?  A. a brick building in an area underlain by sandstone  B. a brick building in an area underlain by granite  C. a brick building in area underlain by unconsolidated sand  D. a brick building in area underlain by water-saturated sand Question 12 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Which of the following statement is correct? A. P or primary waves are compressional waves but they only travel through solids.  B. P or primary waves are shear waves and travel the fastest.  C. P or primary waves are compressional waves and travel the fastest.  D. P or primary waves are compressional waves and travel the slowest Part 2 of 2 - Igneous Processes and Volcanoes 36.0/ 52.0 Points Question 13 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points Volcanoes exhibit different types of eruptions. Those that display more explosive eruptions have what in common?  A. They are mafic in composition.  B. They are ultramafic in composition. C. They are felsic in composition.  D. All are equally explosive Question 14 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points If volatiles such as water vapor and carbon dioxide are added to a rock, what will happen to the melting temperature?  A. Pressure will increase.  B. The melting temperature of a rock will increase.  C. The melting temperature of a rock will decrease.  D. The melting temperature will not change. Feedback: Adding volatiles to a rock, like adding salt to ice on a road, lowers the melting temperature of a rock. This is shown by the green solidus line shifting to the left on the diagram. Question 15 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points Which type of volcano is the largest but not necessarily the most eruptive? A. stratovolcano  B. cinder cone  C. shield  D. composite Question 16 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points What is the process by which decompression melting produces magma at divergent plate boundaries?  A. reduction of pressure at increasing temperature  B. addition of heat at constant pressure  C. addition of fluid at constant pressure D. reduction of pressure at constant temperature Feedback: decompression melting forms magma at divergent plate boundaries because as the solid mantle rock rises, the temperature stays the same but the pressure falls allowing the rock to start to melt. Question 17 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Which rock composition has the least amount of silica?  A. ultramafic  B. felsic  C. intermediate  D. mafic Feedback: ultramafic rocks have the least amount of silica (Si02) and the most amount of iron and magnesium (or ferromagnesian minerals) Question 18 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Where do igneous rocks with a fine-grained (aphanitic) texture form? A. both deep and shallow depth.  B. at or near the surface.  C. deep under the surface.  D. in pegmatitic dikes Feedback: Fine-grained igneous rocks form at or near Earth’s surface where they cool quickly and don’t have much time to form large minerals. The mineral crystals are very small and mostly visible only through a microscope. Question 19 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points Which mineral has the highest temperature of crystallization?  A. pyroxene  B. k-spar C. olivine  D. quartz Feedback: Olivine crystallizes at the highest temperature on Bowen’s Reaction Series graph Question 20 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points A device that is used to monitor ground deformation is called a ________.  A. level  B. tiltmeter.  C. spectrometer.  D. seismograph.  E. Brunton compass Question 21 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 PointsA planar basaltic intrusion that cuts across layers of sedimentary rocks is called a _______.  A. dike  B. sill  C. pluton  D. batholith Question 22 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Crystal settling would be another name for ______.  A. xenolith formation  B. assimilation  C. fractional crystallization D. Bowen's Reaction Series Feedback: As the temperature drops in the magma some minerals will crystallize and settle to the bottom of the magma chamber. Question 23 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Ash and lapilli are commonly found in ________.  A. basaltic magma.  B. lava.  C. pyroclastic flow.  D. rhyolitic magma Question 24 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Lahars and pyroclastic flows both have what in common? A. They are both composed of gas.  B. They both move at speeds 120 mph  C. They are both composed of water.  D. They are both composed of rock fragments Question 25 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Where do igneous rocks with a coarse-grained (phaneritic) texture form?  A. close to the surface but also just below it.  B. on top of the surface.  C. on top of the surface after being ejected into the air. D. deep under the surface. Question 1 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points If a sedimentary rock is found to have grains of different shapes and sizes it is said to be what?  A. well sorted  B. poorly sorted  C. poorly cemented  D. permeable Question 2 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points Put the following in the order in which they can occur: erosion, transport, weathering, compaction, burial, cementation, sedimentary rock.  A. erosion, transport, weathering, compaction, deposition, burial, cementation, sedimentary rock  B. weathering, erosion, transport, deposition, compaction, burial, cementation,sedimentary rock  C. erosion, weathering, transport, deposition, burial, compaction, cementation, sedimentary rock  D. weathering, erosion, transport, deposition, burial, compaction, cementation, sedimentary rock Question 3 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Which of the characteristics of sedimentary rocks deals with the grains being the same size?  A. porosity  B. roundness  C. cementation  D. sorting Question 4 of 250.0/ 4.0 Points Which of the following is true of some sedimentary rocks?  A. They form as a result of volcanic processes.  B. They form as a result of intense heat and pressure  C. They form as a result of weathering and melting.  D. They form as the result of precipitation from water.  E. They form as the result of precipitation from the atmosphere. Question 5 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points What is the classification of this sedimentary rock? A. organic  B. clastic  C. chemical D. biochemical Part 2 of 3 - Mass Wasting 32.0/ 44.0 Points Question 6 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points For a block to move down an inclined plane, what force has to be the greatest?  A. Shear  B. Compression  C. Normal  D. tension  E. Gravity Question 7 of 254.0/ 4.0 Points Which of the following is a slow moving form of mass wasting?  A. falls  B. slides  C. flows  D. creep Question 8 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Adding water to materials on a slope can reduce _______ and cause mass wasting to occur.  A. mass  B. slope C. friction  D. moisture Feedback: Adding water increases mass and reduces friction, increasing the probability of failure. Question 9 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points A landslide and mudflow both have what in common?  A. They are only found in the same area.  B. The location tends to be in valleys.  C. Both act almost as a fluid.  D. Both are water-saturated. Question 10 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 PointsWhat type of mass wasting is this?  A. debris flow  B. rock fall C. earth flow  D. creep Question 11 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points Which of the following is not a control in rock falls?  A. gravity  B. bedrock fractures  C. sediment particle size  D. slope steepness Question 12 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points What is the difference between a landslide and a mudflow? A. A landslide is more dangerous because it moves faster.  B. A landslide occurs in areas with steeper slopes.  C. A landslide is mainly rock fragments while a mudflow has more water.  D. A mudflow contains no large rocks or boulders. Question 13 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points The 2005 La Conchita slide in California and the 2014 Oso landslide in Washington were both deadly landslides in residential areas. They were principally caused by ______.  A. Devegetation  B. Oversteepening  C. Precipitation D. Shaking Feedback: As in the case of many deadly slides, water was the principal driving factor in the failure of these slopes. Question 14 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points A form of mass wasting composed of loose soil, rock, organic matter, air and water and caused by intense surface-water flow, due to heavy precipitation is known as________.  A. landslide  B. earthflow.  C. debris flow  D. rock fall Question 15 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points Rock falls are strongly influenced by ________. A. gravity, mechanical weathering, and soil thickness  B. gravity, clay content, and water  C. gravity, chemical weathering, and soil thickness  D. gravity, mechanical weathering, and water. Question 16 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points The 1959 Madison Canyon landslide killed 28 people near Hebgen Lake. What was the trigger for this landslide?  A. Oversteepening  B. Earthquake  C. Precipitation D. Devegetation Part 3 of 3 - Weathering, etc. 28.0/ 36.0 Points Question 17 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Which of these rocks can be chemical or biochemical?  A. Evaporites  B. Chert  C. Banded iron formation  D. Coquina Feedback: Limestone and chert can be made biochemically out of shells or made chemically by directly precipitating from water. Question 18 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Which type of weathering is responsible for changing the composition of the rock?  A. physical B. chemical  C. mechanical  D. expansion Question 19 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points Which of the following depositional environments is most likely to form fine-grained mud?  A. Lacustrine  B. Aeolian  C. Glacial  D. Submarine fanFeedback: It is ABYSSAL, LACUSTRINE, and LAGOONAL that are most commonly associated with mudstones. Question 20 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Detrital sedimentary rocks are defined and named based mainly on their _______________, while chemical sedimentary rocks are defined mainly on their ____________.  A. grain size, roundness  B. composition, roundness  C. composition, grain size  D. grain size, composition  E. roundness, hardness Feedback: Clastic or detrital rocks are categorized based on their grain size (i.e. sandstone, mudstone), with the exception of conglomerate/breccia, which are both coarse grained. Conglomerates are rounded, and breccias are angular. All chemical rocks are names based on composition (i.e. limestone, rock salt). Question 21 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Chemical weathering does NOT include which of the following? A. dissolution  B. oxidation  C. exfoliation  D. hydrolysis Question 22 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Which force of erosion tends to only move sand sized or smaller particles?  A. gravity  B. wind  C. ice D. water Question 23 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Which of the following depositional environments is most likely to be at the lowest elevation?  A. Fluvial  B. Paludal  C. Glacial  D. Alluvial  E. Aeolian Feedback: Paludal (swamp) deposition is commonly coastal or in other low elevation locations. Question 24 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points Which type of weathering increases the surface area of a rock? A. chemical  B. oxidation  C. mechanical  D. dissolution Rationale: Question 25 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Which of the following locations would experience the most weathering?  A. a cold dry climate  B. a warm wet climate C. a warm dry climate  D. climate has no effect Question 1 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points What is the texture of this metamorphic rock?  A. nonfissile B. foliated  C. phaneritic  D. fissile  E. nonfoliated Question 2 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points At what temperature does diagenesis end and metamorphism begin?  A. 200 degrees Celsius  B. 3,000 kbars  C. 100 degrees Celsius D. 1,000 bars Feedback: Metamorphism starts at around 200 degrees Celsius. Below that temperature is considered diagenesis, which includes sediments solidifying (compacting and cementing) into sedimentary rocks. Question 3 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points The core of a mountain range that formed during regional metamorphism would contain a _____ metamorphic facies.  A. high-grade  B. low-grade  C. blueschist  D. moderate-grade Question 4 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points A foliated texture means what?  A. Grains are easily seen. B. Fossils are visible.  C. layers or banding.  D. grains are the same size Question 5 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Which of the following is true of metamorphic rocks?  A. They form when rocks melt under intense heat and pressure  B. They form as a result of volcanic processes.  C. They form as a result of weathering and erosion.  D. They form as a result of intense heat and pressure.Question 6 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points The parent rock of a metamorphic rock is what?  A. The first rock formed during metamorphism.  B. The rock before it was subjected to metamorphism.  C. The rock as it is subjected to metamorphism.  D. The rock after it was subjected to metamorphism. Question 7 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Heat promotes recrystallization by  A. causing minerals to melt  B. separating ultramafic elements from mafic ones C. increasing atomic vibration  D. stripping away valence electrons Feedback: heat causes atoms to vibrate more vigorously, possibly moving from one location in the crystal to another, even moving into another crystal. Question 8 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points Which type of metamorphism is responsible for the greatest amount of deformation?  A. contact  B. fault  C. burial  D. subduction  E. regional Question 9 of 254.0/ 4.0 Points What are the textures of metamorphic rocks?  A. clastic or detrital  B. phaneritic or aphanitic  C. foliated or nonfoliated  D. coarse or fine Question 10 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points What is the texture of this rock? A. foliated  B. non-foliated  C.phaneritic  D. coarse  E. fissile Question 11 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points What are the three agents of metamorphism?  A. differential pressure, heat, and temperature  B. differential pressure, confining pressure, and lithostatic pressure  C. differential pressure, deep-sea smokers, and hydrothermal vents  D. temperature, pressure, and chemically reactive fluids Question 12 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 PointsThe core of a mountain range that formed during regional metamorphism would contain a _____ metamorphic facies.  A. low-grade  B. moderate-grade  C. high-grade  D. blueschist  E. phaneritic Question 13 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Which metamorphic facies is associated with subduction zones?  A. epidote-eclogite B. granulite  C. greenschist  D. lawsonite-blueschist Feedback: by analyzing the Chapter 6 diagram, lawsonite-blueschist is shown on the left at a low temperature but at a high pressure. The associated diagram indicates that high pressure and low temperature minerals are found at subduction zones. Part 2 of 3 - Crustal Deformation 28.0/ 40.0 Points Question 14 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points If a rock layer has a dip of 90 degrees, how is that rock layer oriented relative to a horizontal plane.  A. Vertical (perpendicular to level ground)  B. Horizontal (parallel to level ground)  C. Diagonal (45 degrees from level ground) D. More information is required Feedback: Dip is the angle of inclination of a rock layer from the horizontal. 90 degrees down is vertical. Question 15 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points What type of fault results from the hanging wall moving up?  A. strike slip  B. transform  C. reverse  D. normal Question 16 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points Imagine you are making a pizza, you start off with the dough for the crust in a large ball. You then begin to roll out the pizza dough with a roller. The result is flattened out dough. In this scenario, what simulates the STRAIN found in some rocks?  A. the shape of the dough grains B. the force exerted on the dough  C. the stickiness of the dough  D. the flattening out of the dough ball Question 17 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points What type of fault results from the hanging wall moving down?  A. strike slip  B. reverse  C. thrust  D. normalQuestion 18 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points What type of fault results from compression?  A. reverse  B. normal  C. strike slip  D. transform Question 19 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Shear stress is primarily associated with which type of faults?  A. reverse faults  B. thrust faults C. normal faults  D. strike slip faults Question 20 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points If you snap a green stick into two pieces, it will first undergo __________ deformation, then __________ deformation.  A. Plastic; Elastic  B. Brittle; Elastic  C. Elastic; Brittle  D. Brittle; Plastic Feedback: You will notice that you can bend a green stick before breaking it, and the stick can return to its previous shape after pressure is released if the stick is not broken. Question 21 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Often plate boundaries move in such a way that the crust is neither created nor destroyed, what type of force is this? A. Compression  B. Tension  C. Shear  D. Normal Question 22 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points Which process create the world’s largest mountain ranges?  A. diverging ocean plates  B. converging continental plates  C. diverging continental plates D. converging ocean–continental plates Question 23 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points What type of fault results from tension?  A. strike slip  B. reverse  C. normal  D. thrust Part 3 of 3 - Weekly Lesson Questions 0.0/ 8.0 Points Question 24 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points A foliated metamorphic rock, in order of increasing metamorphic grade, is: A. Slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss  B. Gneiss, schist, phyllite, slate  C. Marble, quartzite, eclogite, gneiss  D. limestone, eclogite, marble Feedback: Weekly Lesson 5 - These are the same parent rock and listed in order of increasing grade. Question 25 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points Which situation will result in ductile deformation?  A. High temperature, low confining pressure, high strain rate  B. Low strain rate, high temperature, high confining pressure  C. Low strain rate, high confining pressure, low temperature D. Low temperature, low confining pressure, high strain rate Question 1 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points What is the hydrologic cycle?  A. the cycle that illustrates how water cycles in, on and above the Earth  B. it is a cycle that started when humans began overconsumption of water  C. the cycle that illustrates how water cycles on the surface of the Earth  D. it illustrates the linear step by step way water moves Question 2 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points Which of the following is a natural cause of groundwater pollution?  A. Landfills B. E. coli bacteria  C. Rocks  D. Runoff Question 3 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Transpiration is the process where ________.  A. liquid enters the food chain.  B. plants absorb water vapor  C. plants release water vapor.  D. liquid water turns into vapor.Question 4 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points Which process from the hydrologic cycle involves solids going directly into a gaseous state?  A. Condensation  B. Evaporation  C. transpiration  D. Sublimation Question 5 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Limestone dissolves in slightly acidic water because ________.  A. it contains calcite  B. It contains clay C. it contains quartz  D. it contains salt Question 6 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Ideally aquifers should have ________.  A. high porosity and low permeability.  B. low porosity and high permeability  C. high porosity and high permeability.  D. low porosity and low permeability. Question 7 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points What forms when the underlying rock is dissolved and the surface collapses? A. crater  B. speleothem  C. sinkhole  D. cavern Question 8 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points The water table is located ________.  A. at the top of the saturated zone.  B. is at the surface.  C. at the bottom of the saturated zone. D. below the confining layer Question 9 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Which of the following is NOT a consequence of overuse of groundwater?  A. flooding  B. earth fissures  C. subsidence  D. saltwater intrusion Question 10 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points The Mississippi River is a good example of what channel type?  A. Curving B. Braided  C. Meandering  D. Straight Question 11 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points Which of the following statements is most accurate?  A. Water always follows the same path in our environment.  B. Water does not move through the environment.  C. Water has different paths that it can follow in our environment. Question 12 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Which of the following is an anthropogenic cause of groundwater pollution? A. landfills  B. volcanoes  C. evaporites  D. rocks Part 2 of 3 - Coastlines 40.0/ 44.0 Points Question 13 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points What persistent behavior of waves produces longshore drift?  A. Speed of the waves  B. Fetch of the waves  C. The number of waves in the wave train D. Wavelength of the waves  E. Angle that waves hit the shoreline Question 14 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points Which type of tide results in the highest level of water?  A. Neap  B. Ebb  C. Flood  D. Berm  E. SpringQuestion 15 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Spits, bars, berms, barrier islands, and other features related to longshore drift are ultimately the result of what?  A. Deep currents  B. Shallow currents  C. Eroding sandstone  D. Moving sand  E. Wave erosion Question 16 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Thermohaline circulation is important for Earth because this process  A. Prevents ocean water from freezing by adding salt B. Brings deep sediments to the surface of the ocean  C. Moves heat around the planet, distributing it  D. Brings surface sediments to the deep parts of the ocean  E. Main transportation for ocean life Question 17 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points How deep do wave motions go into the water, i.e. the wave base?  A. 1/2 amplitude  B. Wavelength times amplitude  C. Twice amplitude D. Twice wavelength  E. 1/2 wavelength Question 18 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points 1. ____________ causes surface currents, ___________ causes deep currents.  A. Density; moon  B. Wind; moon  C. Moon; density  D. Wind; density  E. Density; windQuestion 19 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Which of the following is an example of a coastal hazard?  A. baymouth bar  B. tombolo  C. rip current.  D. spit  E. berm. Question 20 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points The Sun and Moon control ________.  A. waves. B. currents.  C. tides.  D. gyres Question 21 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points What is the purpose of a jetty?  A. Provide a new location for a beach  B. Protect the beach from larger waves  C. Keep an entryway to a harbor open  D. Stop a beach from eroding away E. Funnel currents away from a marina Question 22 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points How long is a tidal day?  A. Slightly more than 24 hours  B. Exactly 12 hours  C. Depends on the location  D. Exactly 24 hours  E. Slightly more than 12 hours Question 23 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points As waves pass, water particles move in __________ motions? A. Sinusoidal  B. Circular  C. Vertical  D. Horizontal  E. Tranverse Part 3 of 3 - Weekly Lesson Questions 4.0/ 8.0 Points Question 24 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points Most liquid freshwater is found in which location?  A. Polar ice caps  B. Groundwater C. Rivers  D. Ocean Question 25 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Within a drainage system_____________.  A. all runoff forms only one channel  B. water can change which side of the divide it is on  C. all water flows downhill  D. all runoff infiltrates the ground Question 1 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Evidence of recent climate change is found in _____. A. all of the above  B. ocean acidification  C. decreased crop yields  D. reduction of sea ice Question 2 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points Which of the following is NOT a likely consequence of enhanced global warming?  A. stronger storms B. increased droughts  C. heat waves  D. enlarged ozone hole  E. flooding of islands Feedback: enlarged ozone hole Question 3 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points Data from the past 100 years (years average) indicates that global temperatures have increased approximately _____ °C:  A. 0.1  B. 0.2  C. 0.5 D. 1.2  E. 1.5 Question 4 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points Which of the following is NOT a likely consequence of enhanced global warming?  A. heat waves  B. flooding of islands  C. stronger storms  D. increased droughts  E. enlarged ozone holeFeedback: enlarged ozone hole Question 5 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points To distinguish between weather and climate, many scientists use a/an _______year average of data.  A. 30  B. 100  C. one  D. 50  E. 10 Question 6 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points According to a 2004 study published in the prestigious journal of Science, _____ percentage of climate scientists agree that warming is from human activities.  A. 75% B. 5%  C. 97%  D. 57% Question 7 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Which is the most abundant of the naturally occurring greenhouse gases?  A. carbon dioxide  B. ozone  C. methane D. water vapor  E. nitrous oxide Question 8 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points The process by which increased levels of CO2 in the atmosphere lead to enhanced growth of vegetation, which then removes CO2 from the atmosphere through photosynthesis is termed a _____.  A. positive feedback  B. Milankovitch Cycle  C. reservoir D. sink  E. negative feedback Feedback: Learning Objective 1: Summarizing external and internal factors that cause climate change. Section Reference 1: Natural causes of climate change Question 9 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points The radiative balance between incoming and outgoing energy is moderated by the _____.  A. climate  B. global warming C. weather  D. atmosphere  E. anthroposphere Question 10 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points _____ in the atmosphere scatter incoming solar radiation, resulting in the cooling of the planet.  A. albedos  B. radiatively active gasses  C.aerosols  D. ozones  E. All of the aforementioned. Question 11 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points Which of the following does NOT have a known effect on Earth's global climate?  A. volcanoes  B. subduction  C. greenhouse effect  D. plants E. Earth-Moon tidal gravity Question 12 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Past climate is best extrapolated by comparing isotopes of _____ gas.  A. carbon  B. chlorine  C. argon  D. oxygen  E. nitrogen Feedback: oxygen Part 2 of 4 - Deserts 20.0/ 24.0 Points Question 13 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 PointsSand size material moves by a process called  A. deflation  B. inflation  C. abrasion  D. saltation Question 14 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points What is the dominant geologic agent of erosion in most deserts?  A. Wind  B. Water  C. Dust storms D. Bajadas Feedback: Though less abundant in dry climates, water is still the most dominant agent of erosion in most deserts even though wind is an agent of erosion and deposition in some deserts. Question 15 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Which of the following is formed from a natural version of sand blasting?  A. Blowout  B. Loess  C. Yardang  D. Desert varnish Question 16 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points The term _____ refers to wind-related forces. A. saltation  B. desertification  C. suspension  D. aeolian Feedback: eolian Question 17 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points Which of these desert landforms would most likely be associated with salt flats?  A. Inselberg  B. Barchan  C. Ephemeral stream D. Playa  E. Arroyo Question 18 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Which of the following is NOT a type of desert?  A. tropical  B. rain shadow  C. Polar  D. trade wind Feedback: grassland Part 3 of 4 - Glaciers 20.0/ 24.0 Points Question 19 of 25 0.0/ 4.0 Points What is the main cause of the glacial cycles during the Quaternary Ice Age? A. Wilson Cycles  B. Tectonic Cycles  C. Carbon Dioxide Cycles  D. Milankovitch Cycles Question 20 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points When was the peak of the last glaciation? 26,5000 to 19,000 years ago 323 to 300 million years ago 420,000 years ago ~2.5 billion years ago  A. 10,000 to 12,000 years ago  B. 26,5000 to 19,000 years ago  C. 323 to 300 million years ago D. 420,000 years ago Question 21 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points When a glacier “advances”, this means ________.  A. The glacier is calving into the ocean, where pieces of ice are becoming icebergs  B. The terminus of the glacier is moving forward; the glacier is growing  C. It is gaining snow as fast as it is losing it; the glacier is not shrinking  D. It is flowing downhill towards the end of the glacier Feedback: "Sometimes ice at the bottom of a glacier slides across its bed (the rock or sediment on which the glacier rests). This is called basal sliding." p. 411 Question 22 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points In the glacial ice budget, a zone of snow accumulation is balanced by a zone of _____. A. ablation  B. sublimation  C. abrasion  D. exhalation Question 23 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points The classic shape of a glacial valley is _____.  A. very narrow  B. V-shaped  C. terraced D. U-shaped Question 24 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Glacial ice is formed by _____.  A. frozen rivers  B. recrystallized snow  C. icebergs  D. frost wedges Part 4 of 4 - Week 7 Lesson Questions 4.0/ 4.0 Points Question 25 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points A moraine is: A. Formed only when a glacier advances.  B. A pile of well sorted, well-rounded particles.  C. A pile of angular, poorly sorted sediment.  D. Particles transported and deposited by water