O Level Pak Studies PAGE 1 History Relations
RELATION WITH INDIA
Question 1 N2015/P1/Q5/C
How successful have India and Pakistan been in finding a solution to the
Kashmir issue between 1947 and 1999? Explain your answer. [14]
The most serious disagreement between Pakistan and India is the state of Jammu
and Kashmir. In 1947 majority population of Kashmir were Muslims, but the Hindu
ruler maharaja Hari Singh, wanted to remain independent so he delayed joining
either Pakistan or India. The maharaja did not treat the Muslim population well.
In Sep 1947 he forced 200,000 Muslims out of Kashmir. Finally the Muslims
rose in rebellion. The maharaja was forced to turn to India for help to crush the
Muslims.
Pakistan could not accept this, so sent troops to Kashmir to help Muslims. The
Pakistan government was convinced that the Indians had always planned to capture
Kashmir. Neither side was strong enough for a long war in January 1948 India to
the UNO. A ceasefire was arranged and Kashmir was divided between India and
Pakistan. After pressure from Lord Mountbatten, Indian Prime Minister, Nehru,
agreed that a referendum would be held in Kashmir to determine the wishes of
the people, ‘once the situation has normalized. From 1949 there was an agreed
ceasefire line through Kashmir, which was observed by troops from the UN.
Negotiation continued through the 1950s, but little progress was made.
This referendum has not been held and the Kashmir issue’ remained a major source
of discontent between the two countries today. Pakistan has made numerous
demands that the UNO resolve the dispute, but, so far, it has been impossible to
reach agreement. In 1954 and 1955 India tried to join Indian occupied Kashmir
into India. Pakistan protested and, then appealed to the UN Security Council. In
1957 the UN security council was so concerned that India might tried to occupy
Kashmir again that it issued a declaration re-confirming that the whole of Kashmir
was disputed territory and that its future could only be settled by a vote by the
people of Kashmir under UNO. Still, no such vote has taken place.
,O Level Pak Studies PAGE 2 History Relations
In 1965 Pakistan tried to free Kashmir from Indian occupation by army action but
failed, later in Tashkent agreement both sides agreed to solve the problem through
discussion but the date of discussion was not decided.
In 1971 war Pakistan was defeated by India and Simla agreement was signed
between both countries. Due to weak position Pakistan agreed that it would not
to take Kashmir issue to UNO.
In 1987 India rigged election in occupied Kashmir to show support of Kashmiri
people for India but in response Kashmiri people had started freedom movement
against Indian occupation of Kashmir, movement is still in progress.
In 1999 during Kargil war there was danger of nuclear war between Pakistan and
India.
Question 2 N2014/P1/Q5/B
Why did Pakistan distrust India so much between 1971 and 1988?
Pakistan was unhappy with the Simla agreement signed with India following the
war. In return for the release of 90000 prisoners of war, Pakistan agreed not to
pursue a solution to the Kashmir problem in international forums. This annoyed
Pakistan which had sought a solution through the United Nations.
Pakistan was also shocked at India’s nuclear test program in 1974. Relations became
worsened as this was seen as a threat to the peace in in the region as it raised
real fears that its neighbor had a nuclear capability who might want to use it to
its advantage against Pakistan.
India suspected that Pakistan was training Sikh extremists in early 1980s. The
Sikh community in India demanded a separate homeland. India accessed Pakistan of
providing weapons and financing to the Sikh republic as a result relations between
the two worsened as India felt that Pakistan was throwing a rebellion into India.
, O Level Pak Studies PAGE 3 History Relations
Question 3 N2013/P1/Q5/C
How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with India between 1947 and
1999? Explain your answer. [14]
Liaquat Ali Khan signed the minority’s agreement with the India PM Nehru in
1950 which stated that both the countries would protect minorities and a visa
system was introduced between Pakistan and India. This improved relations between
the 2 as both agreed to cooperate.
Ayub Khan signed the Indus water treaty in 1960 between the 2 and due to this
the relations of Pakistan and India improved as the canal water dispute was solved
and India agreed to provide water of 3 rivers to Pakistan which was important
for Pakistan agro based economy.
In 1966 a cease fire agreement of 1965 war also known as Tashkent agreement
was arranged by Soviet Union, as a result the relations came back to normal.
In 1972 Zulifaqar Ali Bhutto met with Indra Gandhi, the Indian Prime Minister
and signed the Simla agreement. India agreed that it will release 90,000 POWS
of 1971 war and Pakistan agreed that Kashmir issue will be solved mutually without
any involvement of 3rd party like UN due to which relations improved.
In 1988 4th SAARC Summit was held in Pakistan which was also attend by Rajiv
Gandhi, Indian Prime Minister. This brought the 2 countries closer as 3 separate
peace agreements were signed between the two sides.
In 1999 Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vaj Payee, came to Pakistan by road
and met Nawaz Sharif at Wagah near Lahore. Lahore declaration was signed which
brought the two countries close as they agreed to cooperate and work peacefully.
Apart from successes, there were failures as well.
During the time of Ayub Khan, in 1965 war broke out between Pakistan and India
over the Kashmir issue and the relations deteriorated because of the hostilities.
RELATION WITH INDIA
Question 1 N2015/P1/Q5/C
How successful have India and Pakistan been in finding a solution to the
Kashmir issue between 1947 and 1999? Explain your answer. [14]
The most serious disagreement between Pakistan and India is the state of Jammu
and Kashmir. In 1947 majority population of Kashmir were Muslims, but the Hindu
ruler maharaja Hari Singh, wanted to remain independent so he delayed joining
either Pakistan or India. The maharaja did not treat the Muslim population well.
In Sep 1947 he forced 200,000 Muslims out of Kashmir. Finally the Muslims
rose in rebellion. The maharaja was forced to turn to India for help to crush the
Muslims.
Pakistan could not accept this, so sent troops to Kashmir to help Muslims. The
Pakistan government was convinced that the Indians had always planned to capture
Kashmir. Neither side was strong enough for a long war in January 1948 India to
the UNO. A ceasefire was arranged and Kashmir was divided between India and
Pakistan. After pressure from Lord Mountbatten, Indian Prime Minister, Nehru,
agreed that a referendum would be held in Kashmir to determine the wishes of
the people, ‘once the situation has normalized. From 1949 there was an agreed
ceasefire line through Kashmir, which was observed by troops from the UN.
Negotiation continued through the 1950s, but little progress was made.
This referendum has not been held and the Kashmir issue’ remained a major source
of discontent between the two countries today. Pakistan has made numerous
demands that the UNO resolve the dispute, but, so far, it has been impossible to
reach agreement. In 1954 and 1955 India tried to join Indian occupied Kashmir
into India. Pakistan protested and, then appealed to the UN Security Council. In
1957 the UN security council was so concerned that India might tried to occupy
Kashmir again that it issued a declaration re-confirming that the whole of Kashmir
was disputed territory and that its future could only be settled by a vote by the
people of Kashmir under UNO. Still, no such vote has taken place.
,O Level Pak Studies PAGE 2 History Relations
In 1965 Pakistan tried to free Kashmir from Indian occupation by army action but
failed, later in Tashkent agreement both sides agreed to solve the problem through
discussion but the date of discussion was not decided.
In 1971 war Pakistan was defeated by India and Simla agreement was signed
between both countries. Due to weak position Pakistan agreed that it would not
to take Kashmir issue to UNO.
In 1987 India rigged election in occupied Kashmir to show support of Kashmiri
people for India but in response Kashmiri people had started freedom movement
against Indian occupation of Kashmir, movement is still in progress.
In 1999 during Kargil war there was danger of nuclear war between Pakistan and
India.
Question 2 N2014/P1/Q5/B
Why did Pakistan distrust India so much between 1971 and 1988?
Pakistan was unhappy with the Simla agreement signed with India following the
war. In return for the release of 90000 prisoners of war, Pakistan agreed not to
pursue a solution to the Kashmir problem in international forums. This annoyed
Pakistan which had sought a solution through the United Nations.
Pakistan was also shocked at India’s nuclear test program in 1974. Relations became
worsened as this was seen as a threat to the peace in in the region as it raised
real fears that its neighbor had a nuclear capability who might want to use it to
its advantage against Pakistan.
India suspected that Pakistan was training Sikh extremists in early 1980s. The
Sikh community in India demanded a separate homeland. India accessed Pakistan of
providing weapons and financing to the Sikh republic as a result relations between
the two worsened as India felt that Pakistan was throwing a rebellion into India.
, O Level Pak Studies PAGE 3 History Relations
Question 3 N2013/P1/Q5/C
How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with India between 1947 and
1999? Explain your answer. [14]
Liaquat Ali Khan signed the minority’s agreement with the India PM Nehru in
1950 which stated that both the countries would protect minorities and a visa
system was introduced between Pakistan and India. This improved relations between
the 2 as both agreed to cooperate.
Ayub Khan signed the Indus water treaty in 1960 between the 2 and due to this
the relations of Pakistan and India improved as the canal water dispute was solved
and India agreed to provide water of 3 rivers to Pakistan which was important
for Pakistan agro based economy.
In 1966 a cease fire agreement of 1965 war also known as Tashkent agreement
was arranged by Soviet Union, as a result the relations came back to normal.
In 1972 Zulifaqar Ali Bhutto met with Indra Gandhi, the Indian Prime Minister
and signed the Simla agreement. India agreed that it will release 90,000 POWS
of 1971 war and Pakistan agreed that Kashmir issue will be solved mutually without
any involvement of 3rd party like UN due to which relations improved.
In 1988 4th SAARC Summit was held in Pakistan which was also attend by Rajiv
Gandhi, Indian Prime Minister. This brought the 2 countries closer as 3 separate
peace agreements were signed between the two sides.
In 1999 Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vaj Payee, came to Pakistan by road
and met Nawaz Sharif at Wagah near Lahore. Lahore declaration was signed which
brought the two countries close as they agreed to cooperate and work peacefully.
Apart from successes, there were failures as well.
During the time of Ayub Khan, in 1965 war broke out between Pakistan and India
over the Kashmir issue and the relations deteriorated because of the hostilities.
