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Cleanroom software engineering is an approach that emphasizes the need to build correctness into software as it is being developed. Explain why the Cleanroom strategy is considered risky for software projects.

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The Cleanroom method, the aim is to write the code correctly the first time, rather than trying to find the bugs once they are there. Cleanroom, therefore, focuses on defect prevention instead of defect correction, and certification of reliability for the intended environment of use. Cleanroom represents a paradigm shift from traditional, craft-based practices to rigorous, engineering-based practices. Mathematical function theory is the basis for development practices, and applied statistics is the basis for testing practices. Cleanroom software engineering yields software that is correct by mathematically sound design, and software that is certified by statistically valid testing. The method produces highly robust code without taking any longer than the traditional software lifecycle. The difference is that proportionally much more of the time is spent in design. Building on existing knowledge, tools, and techniques, Cleanroom practices are phased in and tailored to meet specific project needs. Cleanroom works for new code as well as for maintaining or improving existing systems. A project team may decide to adopt all or part of the Cleanroom approach, depending on its needs. It can even begin to use Cleanroom after work on the project has begun. Cleanroom techniques can be applied at all levels of capability maturity. Cleanroom is compatible with other software methodologies, including object-orientation, client-server development, and computer aided software engineering (CASE). It can also improve quality when maintaining or improving existing systems. Cleanroom delivers near-term, measurable improvements in quality and productivity, without interfering with ongoing work. Cleanroom software development is a software development philosophy that is based on avoiding software defects by using formal methods of development and a rigorous inspection process. The name 'Cleanroom' was derived by analogy with semiconductor fabrication units. In these units (cleanrooms) defects are avoided by manufacturing in an ultra-clean atmosphere. The objective of this approach to software development is zero-defect software. The Cleanroom approach to software development is based on five key strategies: Formal specification The software to be developed is formally specified. A state-transition model which shows system responses to stimuli is used to express the specification. Incremental development The software is partitioned into increments which are developed and validated separately using the Cleanroom process. These increments are specified, with customer input, at an early stage in the process. Structured programming Only a limited number of control and data abstraction constructs are used. The program development process is a process of stepwise refinement of the specification. A limited number of constructs are used and the aim is to apply correctness-preserving transformations to the specification to create the program code. Static verification The developed software is statically verified using rigorous software inspections. There is no unit or module testing process for code components. Statistical testing of the system The integrated software increment is tested statistically (see Chapter XX), to determine its reliability. These statistical tests are based on an operational profile which is developed in parallel with the system specification. A model of the Cleanroom process, adapted from the description given by Linger (Linger, 1994), is shown below. This shows how these essential strategies are integrated. Cleanroom teams discusses the team organisation for the Cleanroom process. Rigorous inspection explains the inspection approach used. Cleanroom experience discusses the experiences with the Cleanroom approach and its effectiveness. Reason for Cleanroom strategy is considered risky for software projects. Risk analysis is used to determine the size and content of each increment. Following a risk assessment, the project team defines an increment plan of one or more increments. Each increment mitigates some risk of project failure. For example, if the user-interface requirements are poorly understood, then the project may be at high risk of delivering a hard-to-use product. To mitigate this risk, the early increments would contain mostly user-interface code, but not much "function," and could be shown to selected customers. Different increment plans are used when requirements stability or performance properties are high risks.

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EXPLORING THE USE OF CARTOON PICTURE BOOKS IN FACE-TO-FACE CHINESE CHARACTER

TEACHING FOR CHILDREN AGED 3-4




EXPLORING THE USE OF CARTOON PICTURE BOOKS IN
FACE-TO-FACE CHINESE CHARACTER TEACHING FOR
CHILDREN AGED 3-4




Student Name:
Student’s ID:
Module number:

,EXPLORING THE USE OF CARTOON PICTURE BOOKS IN FACE-TO-FACE CHINESE CHARACTER

TEACHING FOR CHILDREN AGED 3-4 2


Executive summary
This study has focused both on the educational factors and the psychological actors as
it has chosen the children of age 3-4 years. A brief introduction has been stated for describing
main aims, objectives, research questions, problem statements and background of this study.
the literature review part of this research has described the effective ways of delivering
Chinese character teaching to the students by using cartoon picture books. Issues and impact
have also discussed for delivering a brief idea about the teaching process. A particular
research philosophy and research approach will be chosen the researcher in order to
demonstrate the causal relationships between the variables and concepts of the research such
as face-to-face teaching, cartoon practice books, Montessori model, and behaviourism model
of learning. A mixed research method will be used for the present study on the basis of
descriptive research design.


Keywords:cartoon story books; face-to-face;Chinese Character teaching;children

, EXPLORING THE USE OF CARTOON PICTURE BOOKS IN FACE-TO-FACE CHINESE CHARACTER

TEACHING FOR CHILDREN AGED 3-4 3



Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................5
1.1 Background to the study...............................................................................................5
1.2 Aims and objective of the study.....................................................................................5
1.3 Statement of the problem..............................................................................................6
1.4 Research Questions......................................................................................................6
1.5 Research Hypothesis....................................................................................................7
1.6 Significance of the Study...............................................................................................7
1.7 Limitations of the proposed research............................................................................7
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW....................................................................................8
Introduction......................................................................................................................... 8
2.1 Definition of key terms...................................................................................................8
2.2 Impact of cartoon picture books in face to face teaching and the ways of using...........9
2.3 Issues of using cartoon picture books for face to face teaching to 3-4 age children....11
2.4 Solution for delivering effective lesson to kids in face to face Chinese character
teaching............................................................................................................................ 13
2.5 Theoretical underpinnings...........................................................................................14
2.6 Chapter summary....................................................................................................... 16
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.......................................................................17
3.1 Introduction................................................................................................................. 17
3.2 Research philosophy...................................................................................................17
3.3 Approach.................................................................................................................... 18
3.4 Research Design........................................................................................................ 18
3.5 Sampling method and research instruments...............................................................19
3.6 Data Collection method...............................................................................................20
3.7 Data analysis method..................................................................................................20
3.8 Reliability and validity..................................................................................................21
3.9 Ethical consideration...................................................................................................21
3.10 Chapter summary.....................................................................................................21
References........................................................................................................................... 22

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