The heart
Monday, 20 September 2021 4:58 PM
- Anterior view
o Left atrium not visible due to tilting of heart
o Apex of the heart belongs only to left ventricle
§ Right ventricle doesn’t contribute
• Finding the apex = finding left ventricle
o Chambers
§ Right atrium
§ Right ventricle
• Pulmonary circulation
§ Left atrium
§ Left ventricle
• Systemic circulation
o Septa
§ Internal partitions that dive the heart
§ Physical extension of the myocardium lined with endocardium
§ Interventricular septum
• In between ventricles
§ Interatrial septum
• In between atria
• Has an oval shaped depression
o Fossa ovalis
® From fetus where blood passes directly from
right to left atrium
• Covered by aorta and pulmonary trunk in anterior view
o Grooves
§ Fat filled / accommodate coronary vessels
§ Coronary sulcus
• Between the atria and the ventricles
• Goes all around the base of the heart
o Found on Posterior and anterior side
• Runs transversely around the heart
§ Anterior interventricular sulcus
• In between both ventricles on the anterior side of the heart
• Runs vertically
o Venae cave
§ Superior venae cave
§ Inferior venae cave
§ Drains the blood from the upper and lower aspects of the body to the
right atrium
§ The atria collect venous blood / receivers of the venous blood
o Pulmonary arteries
, o Venae cave
§ Superior venae cave
§ Inferior venae cave
§ Drains the blood from the upper and lower aspects of the body to the
right atrium
§ The atria collect venous blood / receivers of the venous blood
o Pulmonary arteries
§ Ventricles pump blood out via pulmonary trunk which later
bifurcates into the right and left pulmonary arteries
§ Color of artery is blue because it carried deoxygenated blood
o Pulmonary veins
§ 4 pulmonary veins
• 2 from right and 2 from left
• Inferior and superior on each side
§ Flow into the left atrium
§ Carries oxygenated blood
o Aorta
§ Blood pumped from the left ventricle enters the aorta
§ Forms the ascending part, aortic arch then descending part
§ Branches into
• Brachiocephalic artery
Right subclavian artery
Right common carotid artery
• Left common carotid artery
• Left subclavian artery
- Posterior view
o Chambers
§ Left ventricle mostly seen
§ Right atrium looks smaller
o Grooves
§ Coronary sulcus
• Still visible on posterior side
• Between atria and ventricles
§ Posterior interventricular sulcus
• Runs towards apex which is on left side
o Great vessels
§ Superior venae cava
§ Inferior venae cava
§ Pulmonary arteries
• Pulmonary trunk not visible
§ Pulmonary veins
§ Aorta
- Circuits
o Right ventricle is origin of pulmonary circulation
o Left ventricle is origin of the systemic circulation
- Valves
o Blood pressure is higher in left hand side
o However more cusps in right side and only 2 in left side
o Right atrioventricular valve
§ Tricuspid valve
o Left atrioventricular valve
§ Bicuspid valve
Monday, 20 September 2021 4:58 PM
- Anterior view
o Left atrium not visible due to tilting of heart
o Apex of the heart belongs only to left ventricle
§ Right ventricle doesn’t contribute
• Finding the apex = finding left ventricle
o Chambers
§ Right atrium
§ Right ventricle
• Pulmonary circulation
§ Left atrium
§ Left ventricle
• Systemic circulation
o Septa
§ Internal partitions that dive the heart
§ Physical extension of the myocardium lined with endocardium
§ Interventricular septum
• In between ventricles
§ Interatrial septum
• In between atria
• Has an oval shaped depression
o Fossa ovalis
® From fetus where blood passes directly from
right to left atrium
• Covered by aorta and pulmonary trunk in anterior view
o Grooves
§ Fat filled / accommodate coronary vessels
§ Coronary sulcus
• Between the atria and the ventricles
• Goes all around the base of the heart
o Found on Posterior and anterior side
• Runs transversely around the heart
§ Anterior interventricular sulcus
• In between both ventricles on the anterior side of the heart
• Runs vertically
o Venae cave
§ Superior venae cave
§ Inferior venae cave
§ Drains the blood from the upper and lower aspects of the body to the
right atrium
§ The atria collect venous blood / receivers of the venous blood
o Pulmonary arteries
, o Venae cave
§ Superior venae cave
§ Inferior venae cave
§ Drains the blood from the upper and lower aspects of the body to the
right atrium
§ The atria collect venous blood / receivers of the venous blood
o Pulmonary arteries
§ Ventricles pump blood out via pulmonary trunk which later
bifurcates into the right and left pulmonary arteries
§ Color of artery is blue because it carried deoxygenated blood
o Pulmonary veins
§ 4 pulmonary veins
• 2 from right and 2 from left
• Inferior and superior on each side
§ Flow into the left atrium
§ Carries oxygenated blood
o Aorta
§ Blood pumped from the left ventricle enters the aorta
§ Forms the ascending part, aortic arch then descending part
§ Branches into
• Brachiocephalic artery
Right subclavian artery
Right common carotid artery
• Left common carotid artery
• Left subclavian artery
- Posterior view
o Chambers
§ Left ventricle mostly seen
§ Right atrium looks smaller
o Grooves
§ Coronary sulcus
• Still visible on posterior side
• Between atria and ventricles
§ Posterior interventricular sulcus
• Runs towards apex which is on left side
o Great vessels
§ Superior venae cava
§ Inferior venae cava
§ Pulmonary arteries
• Pulmonary trunk not visible
§ Pulmonary veins
§ Aorta
- Circuits
o Right ventricle is origin of pulmonary circulation
o Left ventricle is origin of the systemic circulation
- Valves
o Blood pressure is higher in left hand side
o However more cusps in right side and only 2 in left side
o Right atrioventricular valve
§ Tricuspid valve
o Left atrioventricular valve
§ Bicuspid valve
