IOP2605
NOTES
,1. The competent human being
1.1. What is a competent human being?
Sound theoretical knowledge, critical judgment, discipline to learn & adapt rapidly to new
problems
Self-knowledge & awareness
1.1.1. Perspectives on the nature of a competent person
Training interventions aimed to assist people in acquiring job-related
technical skills
Should develop employee on broader scale
o Develop behaviour, skills, attitudes & competencies
o Enhance overall quality of person’s work life
Shift towards long-term training -> HCD
Theories
o Classical Theories
Psycho-analytic (Jung)
Humanist (Maslow + Frankl)
o Positive psychology (Antonovsky)
o Leadership development (Covey)
1.1.2. Carl Jung: Individuated person
Aware of aspects of self which have been neglected (middle age)
Individuation becoming an unique individual (one’s self)
o Coming to selfhood or self-realisation
o Give up behaviours, values & thoughts which guided first half of life
o Unconscious reveals true self
o No single function is dominant – seek balance
o Characteristics
High level of self-knowledge
Acceptance of self (+&-)
Integration of self
Self-expression
Acceptance & tolerance of human nature
Acceptance of unknown & mysterious
1.1.3. Abraham Maslow: Self actualisation
Humans strive towards self-actualisation
Motivated by needs – hierarchy
o Physiological needs
o Safety needs
o Belonging & love
o Esteem
o Knowledge
o Understanding
Self-actualiser characteristics
Page | 2 2
, o Efficient perception of reality (objective)
o General acceptance of nature, others and self
o Spontaneity, simplicity and naturalness
o Focus on problems outside self (dedication)
o Autonomous functioning
o Continued freshness of appreciation
o Interpersonal relations
o Democratic character
o Discrimination between means & end, good & evil
o Creativity
1.1.4. Victor Frankl: Search for meaning
Existentialist
Human existence has 3 dimensions
o Physical, psychological & spiritual
Characteristics of psychological healthy person
o Freedom of will
Spiritual level
Choose to accept/discard imposed by
External circumstances
Internal factors (Physical & psychological dimensions)
Can override automated responses redirect behaviour
improve self
o Take responsibility for choices
o Purposeful & value-driven behaviour
Behaviour not influenced by factors beyond individual’s control
Directed by personal objectives & values
o Search for meaning
o Attitude – choose how to respond
Optimal development – spiritual level
o Self-determined behaviour (choose responses)
o Realistic observation
o Humour
o Self-transcendence (understand & connect – meaning)
o Future directedness
o Work as a calling
o Respect & appreciation for uniqueness of others
o Meaning in suffering
1.1.5. Aaron Antonovsky: Salutogenesis
Stress not always negative – opportunity for optimisation
Stimuli viewed as challenges
Challenges are endemic (built into life)
Sense of coherence
o How individual successfully cope with life’s challenges
Page | 3 3
NOTES
,1. The competent human being
1.1. What is a competent human being?
Sound theoretical knowledge, critical judgment, discipline to learn & adapt rapidly to new
problems
Self-knowledge & awareness
1.1.1. Perspectives on the nature of a competent person
Training interventions aimed to assist people in acquiring job-related
technical skills
Should develop employee on broader scale
o Develop behaviour, skills, attitudes & competencies
o Enhance overall quality of person’s work life
Shift towards long-term training -> HCD
Theories
o Classical Theories
Psycho-analytic (Jung)
Humanist (Maslow + Frankl)
o Positive psychology (Antonovsky)
o Leadership development (Covey)
1.1.2. Carl Jung: Individuated person
Aware of aspects of self which have been neglected (middle age)
Individuation becoming an unique individual (one’s self)
o Coming to selfhood or self-realisation
o Give up behaviours, values & thoughts which guided first half of life
o Unconscious reveals true self
o No single function is dominant – seek balance
o Characteristics
High level of self-knowledge
Acceptance of self (+&-)
Integration of self
Self-expression
Acceptance & tolerance of human nature
Acceptance of unknown & mysterious
1.1.3. Abraham Maslow: Self actualisation
Humans strive towards self-actualisation
Motivated by needs – hierarchy
o Physiological needs
o Safety needs
o Belonging & love
o Esteem
o Knowledge
o Understanding
Self-actualiser characteristics
Page | 2 2
, o Efficient perception of reality (objective)
o General acceptance of nature, others and self
o Spontaneity, simplicity and naturalness
o Focus on problems outside self (dedication)
o Autonomous functioning
o Continued freshness of appreciation
o Interpersonal relations
o Democratic character
o Discrimination between means & end, good & evil
o Creativity
1.1.4. Victor Frankl: Search for meaning
Existentialist
Human existence has 3 dimensions
o Physical, psychological & spiritual
Characteristics of psychological healthy person
o Freedom of will
Spiritual level
Choose to accept/discard imposed by
External circumstances
Internal factors (Physical & psychological dimensions)
Can override automated responses redirect behaviour
improve self
o Take responsibility for choices
o Purposeful & value-driven behaviour
Behaviour not influenced by factors beyond individual’s control
Directed by personal objectives & values
o Search for meaning
o Attitude – choose how to respond
Optimal development – spiritual level
o Self-determined behaviour (choose responses)
o Realistic observation
o Humour
o Self-transcendence (understand & connect – meaning)
o Future directedness
o Work as a calling
o Respect & appreciation for uniqueness of others
o Meaning in suffering
1.1.5. Aaron Antonovsky: Salutogenesis
Stress not always negative – opportunity for optimisation
Stimuli viewed as challenges
Challenges are endemic (built into life)
Sense of coherence
o How individual successfully cope with life’s challenges
Page | 3 3
