CHAPTER 1: HUMAN ORGANISM
Anatomy
- Scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure.
Physiology
- Scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things
Gross: structures examined without a microscope
Regional - studied area by area
Systemic - studied system by system
Surface - external form and relation to deeper structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging.
Structures so small that they require aid of microscope
Cytology - cellular anatomy
Histology - study of tissues
Anatomical Imaging
X-ray (photographic plate)
- electromagnetic radiation moves through body and is exposed on photographic plate;
creates radiograph
- Shortwave electromagnetic radiation moves through body and is exposed on
photographic plate
- Creates radiograph
- Bones and radiopaque dyes absorb the rays and create underexposed areas that
appear white on the film.
- Gives only flat, 2D images of the body
Ultrasound
- sound waves pass into body and bounce back to receiver; visualized as a sonogram
- Second oldest imaging technique (1950s)
- High frequency sound waves, which are emitted from a transmitter-receiver placed
on the skin over the area to be scanned.
- Sound waves pass into body and bounce back to receiver
- Visualized as a sonogram (image produced by the ultrasound)
- Analyze changes in position through real-time movements.
- Evaluate the condition of the fetus during pregnancy
Computed tomography (CT)
- computer-analyzed x-ray images.
- 1972
- Computerized axial tomographic scans (CAT scans)
- Computer-analyzed x-ray images.
- A low intensity x-ray tube is rotated through a 360-degree arc around the patient.
, - Image of slice through the body.
- Short distances apart and stack the slices to produce 3D images of a body part.
Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
- 3D radiographic image of an organ (one step beyond CT scan)
- One step beyond CT scan
- 3D radiographic image of an organ
- Radiopaque dye is injected into the blood and a second radiographic image is made.
- Angioplasty is performed (uses a balloon to unclog artery)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- radio waves directed to patient while under electromagnetic field; radio waves collected
and analyzed by computer (more effective in detecting some forms of cancer)
- Radio waves directed to patient while under electromagnetic field
- Radio waves collected and analyzed by computer
- The electromagnetic field causes the various protons/hydrogen atoms to realign
(because there are too many water in the body kaya hindi siya naka-align)
- More effective in detecting some forms of cancer
Positron emission tomography (PET)
- radioactively labeled glucose usage by a tissue is detected; provides info on metabolic
state (pet strands can identify the metabolic state = something to do with energy)
- Identify the metabolic state of various tissues.
- Useful in analyzing the brain.
- Cells are active = they use energy = they need energy through labeled glucose.
- As the glucose decays = positrons are emitted = they collide with the electrons =
annihilate each other = gamma rays are given off.
- Gamma rays will be activated which will pinpoint the metabolically active cells.
Topics of Physiology
Reveals dynamic nature of living things
Considers operations of specific organ systems.
● Cell physiology - examines processes in cells
● Systemic physiology - functions of organ systems
● Neurophysiology - focuses on the nervous system
● Cardiovascular physiology - heart and blood vessels
Subjects that encompass both Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy
- Scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure.
Physiology
- Scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things
Gross: structures examined without a microscope
Regional - studied area by area
Systemic - studied system by system
Surface - external form and relation to deeper structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging.
Structures so small that they require aid of microscope
Cytology - cellular anatomy
Histology - study of tissues
Anatomical Imaging
X-ray (photographic plate)
- electromagnetic radiation moves through body and is exposed on photographic plate;
creates radiograph
- Shortwave electromagnetic radiation moves through body and is exposed on
photographic plate
- Creates radiograph
- Bones and radiopaque dyes absorb the rays and create underexposed areas that
appear white on the film.
- Gives only flat, 2D images of the body
Ultrasound
- sound waves pass into body and bounce back to receiver; visualized as a sonogram
- Second oldest imaging technique (1950s)
- High frequency sound waves, which are emitted from a transmitter-receiver placed
on the skin over the area to be scanned.
- Sound waves pass into body and bounce back to receiver
- Visualized as a sonogram (image produced by the ultrasound)
- Analyze changes in position through real-time movements.
- Evaluate the condition of the fetus during pregnancy
Computed tomography (CT)
- computer-analyzed x-ray images.
- 1972
- Computerized axial tomographic scans (CAT scans)
- Computer-analyzed x-ray images.
- A low intensity x-ray tube is rotated through a 360-degree arc around the patient.
, - Image of slice through the body.
- Short distances apart and stack the slices to produce 3D images of a body part.
Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
- 3D radiographic image of an organ (one step beyond CT scan)
- One step beyond CT scan
- 3D radiographic image of an organ
- Radiopaque dye is injected into the blood and a second radiographic image is made.
- Angioplasty is performed (uses a balloon to unclog artery)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- radio waves directed to patient while under electromagnetic field; radio waves collected
and analyzed by computer (more effective in detecting some forms of cancer)
- Radio waves directed to patient while under electromagnetic field
- Radio waves collected and analyzed by computer
- The electromagnetic field causes the various protons/hydrogen atoms to realign
(because there are too many water in the body kaya hindi siya naka-align)
- More effective in detecting some forms of cancer
Positron emission tomography (PET)
- radioactively labeled glucose usage by a tissue is detected; provides info on metabolic
state (pet strands can identify the metabolic state = something to do with energy)
- Identify the metabolic state of various tissues.
- Useful in analyzing the brain.
- Cells are active = they use energy = they need energy through labeled glucose.
- As the glucose decays = positrons are emitted = they collide with the electrons =
annihilate each other = gamma rays are given off.
- Gamma rays will be activated which will pinpoint the metabolically active cells.
Topics of Physiology
Reveals dynamic nature of living things
Considers operations of specific organ systems.
● Cell physiology - examines processes in cells
● Systemic physiology - functions of organ systems
● Neurophysiology - focuses on the nervous system
● Cardiovascular physiology - heart and blood vessels
Subjects that encompass both Anatomy and Physiology
