Summary Cell Biology Lecture Notes

Cell Biology Lecture Notes. Carbohydrates and Polysaccharides Polysaccharides: they usually consist of a single kind of repeating unit, or sometime a strictly alternating pattern of two kinds. Monomers :Monosaccharides 1. Either consists of aldehyde or ketone functional group 2. 2 or more -OH' groups 3. Formula: CnH2nOn, where n= 3 to 7 Triose, n=3 glyceraldehyde dihydroxyacetone Pentose, n=5 ribose deoxyribose Hexose, n=6 glucose fructose galatose 4. Ring form and chair form 5.  and  configuration 6. Sugar derivatives Oligosaccharides: consist of 2 to 20 monosaccharides covalently linked together 1. Glycosidic bond: covalent bond  and  linkages 2. Disaccharides maltose lactose sucrose 3. Complex oligosaccharides glycoproteins glycolipids Polysaccharides 1. Storage polysaccharides starch: storage polysaccharides in the plant cells amylose amylopectin glycogen : storage polysaccharides in animal cells 2. Structural polysaccharides cellulose: structural polysaccharides found in the plant cells chitin Secondary structure of polysaccharides 1. Determining factors linkage configuration branching degree 2. Types Loose helices Rigid, liner rods Glycosaminoglycan chains and proeoglycans in the extracellular matrix of animals Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) Protroglycans Lipids: any discussion of cellular structure and chemical components would be incomplete without reference to this important group of molecules. Especially, they are frequently associated with the macromolecules, i. e. proteins. 1. Hyprophobic nature 2. Amphipathic Triglycerides are storage lipids 1. Ester bonds 2. Fatty acids 3. Fats 4. Vegetable oils