NEUROBIOLOGY
Linde Ledoux
2021 – 2022
P. Luc Leyns
“Neuroscience: Exploring the brain” M.F. Bear, B. W. Connors & M.A. Paradiso
,NEURONS AND GLIA
= the two main components in nervous system
- Glia
Insulates and supports neurons
10 x more glia than neurons
- Neurons
Structural and functional unit of the nervous system
11
10 neurons in human brain
Histology = study of tissue structure
- Nissle Stain: stain nuclei and neuron cell body
- Golgi-Stain: differentiates two parts of neuron (cell body & neurites)
Neural cell body = soma and perikaryon
Neurites = axons and dendrites
- Cajal: dissection and golgi-staining research of the nervous system
Nobel prize 1906: Camillo Golgi & Santiago Ramon y Cajal: development of neuron theory
1. Neuron = structural and functional unit of nervous system
2. Neurons are individual cells (not continuous to other neurons)
3. Three parts of neuron = dendrites, soma and cell body
4. Conduction in direction from dendrites to soma to axon
2
,The neuron
3
, - Membrane
5nm thick barrier enclosing cytoplasm with varying protein concentration
Structure can influence neural function
- Cytoskeleton
Strong, three “bones”:
Microtubules
Microfilaments
Neurofilaments = intermediate filaments
- The Axon
Axon hillock (beginning)
Axon Proper (middle)
Axon terminal (end)
§ Diameter of 1-25 µm in humans (1 mm in squid)
§ Length up to 1 meter
Axon <--> Soma =
ER does not extend into axon (proteins are transported in vesicles)
Unique protein composition
- Axon terminal
No microtubules
Different cytoplasm
Synaptic vesicles with
neurotransmitters present
Abundance of membrane
proteins
Large number of mitochandria
4
Linde Ledoux
2021 – 2022
P. Luc Leyns
“Neuroscience: Exploring the brain” M.F. Bear, B. W. Connors & M.A. Paradiso
,NEURONS AND GLIA
= the two main components in nervous system
- Glia
Insulates and supports neurons
10 x more glia than neurons
- Neurons
Structural and functional unit of the nervous system
11
10 neurons in human brain
Histology = study of tissue structure
- Nissle Stain: stain nuclei and neuron cell body
- Golgi-Stain: differentiates two parts of neuron (cell body & neurites)
Neural cell body = soma and perikaryon
Neurites = axons and dendrites
- Cajal: dissection and golgi-staining research of the nervous system
Nobel prize 1906: Camillo Golgi & Santiago Ramon y Cajal: development of neuron theory
1. Neuron = structural and functional unit of nervous system
2. Neurons are individual cells (not continuous to other neurons)
3. Three parts of neuron = dendrites, soma and cell body
4. Conduction in direction from dendrites to soma to axon
2
,The neuron
3
, - Membrane
5nm thick barrier enclosing cytoplasm with varying protein concentration
Structure can influence neural function
- Cytoskeleton
Strong, three “bones”:
Microtubules
Microfilaments
Neurofilaments = intermediate filaments
- The Axon
Axon hillock (beginning)
Axon Proper (middle)
Axon terminal (end)
§ Diameter of 1-25 µm in humans (1 mm in squid)
§ Length up to 1 meter
Axon <--> Soma =
ER does not extend into axon (proteins are transported in vesicles)
Unique protein composition
- Axon terminal
No microtubules
Different cytoplasm
Synaptic vesicles with
neurotransmitters present
Abundance of membrane
proteins
Large number of mitochandria
4
