Digestive system 3. MUSCULARIS, consists of an inner layer of
circular smooth muscle, outer layer of
The functions of the digestive system include the longitudinal smooth muscle.
following:
4. SEROSA or adventitia, 4th layer, outermost
1. Ingestion of food. Food and water enter the body layer
through the mouth. a. the visceral peritoneum
2. Digestion of food
3. Absorption of nutrients. absorb the small molecules
of nutrients (amino acids, monosaccharides, fatty acids,
vitamins, minerals, and water) that result from the
digestive process.
4. Elimination of wastes. Undigested material, such as
fiber from food, plus waste products excreted into the
digestive tract are eliminated in the feces.
Processes involved in the Digestive System:
1. Mastication
2. Swallowing or Deglutition
3. Propulsion Peritoneum:
4. Storing
5. Digestion ● SEROSA, OR VISCERAL PERITONEUM
6. Absorption-nutrients the serous membrane that covers the
7. Elimination – waste products organs (inner)
The digestive system consists : ● PARIETAL PERITONEUM, The serous
membrane that lines
1. Digestive tract, or gastrointestinal Tract, the wall of the abdominal cavity (outer)
Alimentary Canal
● tube extending from mouth to anus Many of the organs of the abdominal
● 5-7 meters or 16-23 ft cavity are held in place by connective tissue
● Gastrointestinal Tract (GI Tract) refers to sheets called mesenteries.
stomach and intestine i. connective tissue sheaths
● 9 L of water enter digestive tract per day ii. hold many organs in place
● 92% absorbed by small intestine, 7-8% by
large intestine The mesenteries consist of two layers of serous
membranes with a thin layer of loose connective tissue
2. Accessory Organs (Liver, Gallbladder, between them
Pancreas, Spleen, Teeth, Tongue, Salivary Glands)
` 1. Lesser omentum connecting the lesser
Layers of Digestive tract: curvature of the stomach to the liver and diaphragm
All segments of the digestive tract consist of four layers, 2. Greater omentum, connecting the greater
called tunics. curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon and
1. MUCOSA, innermost posterior body wall.
2. SUBMUCOSA, thick connective - is unusual in that it is a long, double fold of
tissue layer, contains nerves, mesentery
blood vessels, lymphatic vessels,
small glands, Abdominal organs lie against the abdominal wall, have
a. lies beneath the mucosa no mesenteries, and are described as
RETROPERITONEAL.
, > include the duodenum, pancreas, ascending - soft palate, posterior portion consists of skeletal
colon, descending colon, rectum, kidneys, adrenal muscle and connective tissue
glands, and urinary bladder.
● Uvula: projection from the posterior edge of the
REGIONS OF DIGESTIVE TRACT soft palate.
1. Oral Cavity, or mouth
2. Pharynx or throat ● Tonsils are located in the lateral posterior walls
3. Esophagus of the oral cavity, in the nasopharynx, and in the
4. Stomach posterior surface of the tongue.
5. Small Intestine
6. Large Intestine Salivary Glands
7. Anus
● Mouth: bounded by the upper and lower lips and
cheeks and contains the teeth and tongue
● LIPS: muscular structures, formed mostly by the
orbicularis oris muscle
● Tongue: is a large, muscular organ that occupies
most of the oral cavity.
● Frenulum: thin fold of tissue as an anterior
attachment to the floor of the mouth
three major pairs :
1. Parotid, largest of the salivary glands, beside the ear)
glands, Prevent blood flowing back into the atria
a. Mumps, is an inflammation of the parotid gland
caused by a viral infection
b. Mumps in an adult male may involve the testes
and can result in sterility.
2. The submandibular below the mandible) glands
produce more serous than mucous secretions.
Teeth: 32 teeth in the normal adult mouth, located in the
mandible and maxillae.
3. The sublingual ( below the tongue) glands, the
smallest of the three paired salivary glands, produce
quadrants : right and left upper right and left lower
primarily mucous secretions.
● Molar: 3 (3rd molar- wisdom tooth)
● Premolar: 2
Saliva
● Canine: 1
- Saliva is secreted approximately 1 liter (L) per
● Incisor: 2
day.
- contains a digestive enzyme called salivary
Cont. Oral Cavity:
amylase
- saliva protects the mouth from bacterial infection
Palate
by washing the oral cavity
- hard palate, anterior part contains bone
● 99.5% water
● 0.5% solutes
circular smooth muscle, outer layer of
The functions of the digestive system include the longitudinal smooth muscle.
following:
4. SEROSA or adventitia, 4th layer, outermost
1. Ingestion of food. Food and water enter the body layer
through the mouth. a. the visceral peritoneum
2. Digestion of food
3. Absorption of nutrients. absorb the small molecules
of nutrients (amino acids, monosaccharides, fatty acids,
vitamins, minerals, and water) that result from the
digestive process.
4. Elimination of wastes. Undigested material, such as
fiber from food, plus waste products excreted into the
digestive tract are eliminated in the feces.
Processes involved in the Digestive System:
1. Mastication
2. Swallowing or Deglutition
3. Propulsion Peritoneum:
4. Storing
5. Digestion ● SEROSA, OR VISCERAL PERITONEUM
6. Absorption-nutrients the serous membrane that covers the
7. Elimination – waste products organs (inner)
The digestive system consists : ● PARIETAL PERITONEUM, The serous
membrane that lines
1. Digestive tract, or gastrointestinal Tract, the wall of the abdominal cavity (outer)
Alimentary Canal
● tube extending from mouth to anus Many of the organs of the abdominal
● 5-7 meters or 16-23 ft cavity are held in place by connective tissue
● Gastrointestinal Tract (GI Tract) refers to sheets called mesenteries.
stomach and intestine i. connective tissue sheaths
● 9 L of water enter digestive tract per day ii. hold many organs in place
● 92% absorbed by small intestine, 7-8% by
large intestine The mesenteries consist of two layers of serous
membranes with a thin layer of loose connective tissue
2. Accessory Organs (Liver, Gallbladder, between them
Pancreas, Spleen, Teeth, Tongue, Salivary Glands)
` 1. Lesser omentum connecting the lesser
Layers of Digestive tract: curvature of the stomach to the liver and diaphragm
All segments of the digestive tract consist of four layers, 2. Greater omentum, connecting the greater
called tunics. curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon and
1. MUCOSA, innermost posterior body wall.
2. SUBMUCOSA, thick connective - is unusual in that it is a long, double fold of
tissue layer, contains nerves, mesentery
blood vessels, lymphatic vessels,
small glands, Abdominal organs lie against the abdominal wall, have
a. lies beneath the mucosa no mesenteries, and are described as
RETROPERITONEAL.
, > include the duodenum, pancreas, ascending - soft palate, posterior portion consists of skeletal
colon, descending colon, rectum, kidneys, adrenal muscle and connective tissue
glands, and urinary bladder.
● Uvula: projection from the posterior edge of the
REGIONS OF DIGESTIVE TRACT soft palate.
1. Oral Cavity, or mouth
2. Pharynx or throat ● Tonsils are located in the lateral posterior walls
3. Esophagus of the oral cavity, in the nasopharynx, and in the
4. Stomach posterior surface of the tongue.
5. Small Intestine
6. Large Intestine Salivary Glands
7. Anus
● Mouth: bounded by the upper and lower lips and
cheeks and contains the teeth and tongue
● LIPS: muscular structures, formed mostly by the
orbicularis oris muscle
● Tongue: is a large, muscular organ that occupies
most of the oral cavity.
● Frenulum: thin fold of tissue as an anterior
attachment to the floor of the mouth
three major pairs :
1. Parotid, largest of the salivary glands, beside the ear)
glands, Prevent blood flowing back into the atria
a. Mumps, is an inflammation of the parotid gland
caused by a viral infection
b. Mumps in an adult male may involve the testes
and can result in sterility.
2. The submandibular below the mandible) glands
produce more serous than mucous secretions.
Teeth: 32 teeth in the normal adult mouth, located in the
mandible and maxillae.
3. The sublingual ( below the tongue) glands, the
smallest of the three paired salivary glands, produce
quadrants : right and left upper right and left lower
primarily mucous secretions.
● Molar: 3 (3rd molar- wisdom tooth)
● Premolar: 2
Saliva
● Canine: 1
- Saliva is secreted approximately 1 liter (L) per
● Incisor: 2
day.
- contains a digestive enzyme called salivary
Cont. Oral Cavity:
amylase
- saliva protects the mouth from bacterial infection
Palate
by washing the oral cavity
- hard palate, anterior part contains bone
● 99.5% water
● 0.5% solutes
