Anaphy Lab (midterm)
bone is one of the hardest materials in the body
Skeletal system the adult skeleton =206 bones
The term skeleton is derived from a Greek word meaning Two Divisions:
dried. But the skeleton is far from being dry and nonliving. 1. Axial Skeleton – bones that form the longitudinal axis
Rather, the skeletal system consists of dynamic, living of the body (80 bones)
tissues that are able to grow, detect pain stimuli, adapt to 2. Appendicular Skeleton – bones of the limbs and girdle
stress, and undergo repair after injury. (126 bones)
The major functions of the skeletal system include: Skeletal system includes: joints, cartilage and ligaments
Support. Rigid, strong bone is well suited for bearing Axial skeleton
weight and is the major supporting tissue of the body.
Protection. Bone is hard and protects the organs it Bones in the longitudinal axis of the body
surrounds. composed of skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage or rib
Movement. Contraction of the skeletal muscles moves cage, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone
the bones, producing body movements.
Storage. Some minerals in the blood—principally, calcium 80 bones:
and phosphorus—are stored in bone.
Blood cell production. Many bones contain cavities filled Cranial bones- 8 bones
with red bone marrow, which produces blood cells and Parietal 2
platelets Temporal 2
Frontal 1
Long bone Occipital 1
Bones of the upper and lower limbs Sphenoid 1
Ethmoid 1
Short bone
Are generally cube-shaped and contain mostly spongy Frontal bone – forehead bone; forms most of the roof of
bone. The bones of the wrist and ankle are short bones. orbits and the anterior part of the cranial floor.
Flat bone Parietal bone- prominent, bulging bones behind frontal
are thin, flattened and usually curved. Most bones of the bone, form top sides of cranial cavity
skull, the ribs, and the sternum. Temporal bone- form lower sides of cranium and part of
Irregular bone cranial floor; contain middle and inner ear structures.
includes the vertebrae which make up the spinal column, Occipital bone – forms posterior part of the cranial floor
and the hip bones and walls
Facial bones- 14 bones
Bone tissue found throughout the skeleton is divided into Maxilla 2
two major types . Zygomatic 2
Palatine 2
Compact bone is mostly solid matrix and cells. (diaphysis Nasal 2
of long bone) Lacrimal 2
Spongy bone, or cancellous bone, consists of a lacy Inferior nasal concha 2
network of bone with many small, marrow-filled spaces. Unpaired Mandible 1
(epiphysis of long bone) Vomer 1
Maxilla - forms the upper jaw
Mandible- forms the lower jaw, largest, strongest bone
the face
Zygomatic- cheekbone,form part of the floor and sidewa
of orbit
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
, Palatine - form posterior part of the hard palate
Nasal - small bones forming upper part of the bridge of Scoliosis, abnormal lateral curvature
the nose
Lacrimal –about size and shape of fingernail;
Inferior nasal concha - Each of the lateral walls of the
nasal cavity has three bony shelves Cervical Vertebra =7
Vomer - The bony part of the nasal septum C1, Atlas
lacks body and spinous process
THE SKULL HAS ADDITIONAL SINUSES, CALLED THE allows the head to move in a YES motion, tilt side to
MASTOID AIR CELLS, side
Frontal sinus
Ethmoidal sinus C2, Axis
Sphenoidal sinus produce a NO motion
Maxillary sinus a considerable amount of rotation occurs at this vertebra
Hyoid bone- 1 bone Cervical Vertebra
relatively delicate and have small bodies, dislocations
The hyoid bone is an unpaired, U-shaped bone. It is and fractures are more common in this area
not part of the skull) and has no direct bony attachment to
the skull. Muscles and ligaments attach it to the skull. The Thoracic Vertebra =12
hyoid bone provides an attachment for some tongue possess long, thin spinous processes, no transverse
muscles, and it is an attachment point for important neck foramina
muscles that elevate the larynx (voicebox) during speech have extra articular facets on their lateral surfaces, 12
or swallowing. ribs attached to this
with more massive bodies
Vertebral column- 26 bones body, articulating facet
Cervical vertebrae 7
Thoracic vertebrae 12 Lumbar Vertebra = 5
Lumbar vertebrae 5
Sacrum 1 Have large, thick bodies and heavy, rectangular
Coccyx 1 transverse and spinous processes.
Articulating processes directed medially
Vertebrae Functions: Spinous process, lamina, transverse process, pedicle,
1. Support the weight of the head and trunk. vertebral foramen
2. Protects the spinal cord.
3. Allow the spinal nerves exit the spinal cord. Intervertebral Disk
4. Provides a site for muscle attachment.
5. Permits movement of the head and trunk. located in between the bodies of vertebra
Prevent vertebral bodies from rubbing each other
FOUR NORMAL CURVATURES: Annulus fibrosus (external)
Nucleus pulposus (internal)
1. Cervical -anteriorly More compressed with increasing age
2. Thoracic -posteriorly Herniated disk, push against spinal cord rupture (can be
3. Lumbar -anteriorly repaired)
4. Sacral and coccyx -posteriorly bed rest
Surgery
ABNORMAL CURVATURES:
Sacrum = 1
Kyphosis, abnormal posterior curvature of thoracic The five sacral vertebrae
region, result in hunchback condition (concave) are fused into a single bone
Lordosis, abnormal anterior curvature of lumbar region,
result in sway back condition (convex)
bone is one of the hardest materials in the body
Skeletal system the adult skeleton =206 bones
The term skeleton is derived from a Greek word meaning Two Divisions:
dried. But the skeleton is far from being dry and nonliving. 1. Axial Skeleton – bones that form the longitudinal axis
Rather, the skeletal system consists of dynamic, living of the body (80 bones)
tissues that are able to grow, detect pain stimuli, adapt to 2. Appendicular Skeleton – bones of the limbs and girdle
stress, and undergo repair after injury. (126 bones)
The major functions of the skeletal system include: Skeletal system includes: joints, cartilage and ligaments
Support. Rigid, strong bone is well suited for bearing Axial skeleton
weight and is the major supporting tissue of the body.
Protection. Bone is hard and protects the organs it Bones in the longitudinal axis of the body
surrounds. composed of skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage or rib
Movement. Contraction of the skeletal muscles moves cage, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone
the bones, producing body movements.
Storage. Some minerals in the blood—principally, calcium 80 bones:
and phosphorus—are stored in bone.
Blood cell production. Many bones contain cavities filled Cranial bones- 8 bones
with red bone marrow, which produces blood cells and Parietal 2
platelets Temporal 2
Frontal 1
Long bone Occipital 1
Bones of the upper and lower limbs Sphenoid 1
Ethmoid 1
Short bone
Are generally cube-shaped and contain mostly spongy Frontal bone – forehead bone; forms most of the roof of
bone. The bones of the wrist and ankle are short bones. orbits and the anterior part of the cranial floor.
Flat bone Parietal bone- prominent, bulging bones behind frontal
are thin, flattened and usually curved. Most bones of the bone, form top sides of cranial cavity
skull, the ribs, and the sternum. Temporal bone- form lower sides of cranium and part of
Irregular bone cranial floor; contain middle and inner ear structures.
includes the vertebrae which make up the spinal column, Occipital bone – forms posterior part of the cranial floor
and the hip bones and walls
Facial bones- 14 bones
Bone tissue found throughout the skeleton is divided into Maxilla 2
two major types . Zygomatic 2
Palatine 2
Compact bone is mostly solid matrix and cells. (diaphysis Nasal 2
of long bone) Lacrimal 2
Spongy bone, or cancellous bone, consists of a lacy Inferior nasal concha 2
network of bone with many small, marrow-filled spaces. Unpaired Mandible 1
(epiphysis of long bone) Vomer 1
Maxilla - forms the upper jaw
Mandible- forms the lower jaw, largest, strongest bone
the face
Zygomatic- cheekbone,form part of the floor and sidewa
of orbit
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
, Palatine - form posterior part of the hard palate
Nasal - small bones forming upper part of the bridge of Scoliosis, abnormal lateral curvature
the nose
Lacrimal –about size and shape of fingernail;
Inferior nasal concha - Each of the lateral walls of the
nasal cavity has three bony shelves Cervical Vertebra =7
Vomer - The bony part of the nasal septum C1, Atlas
lacks body and spinous process
THE SKULL HAS ADDITIONAL SINUSES, CALLED THE allows the head to move in a YES motion, tilt side to
MASTOID AIR CELLS, side
Frontal sinus
Ethmoidal sinus C2, Axis
Sphenoidal sinus produce a NO motion
Maxillary sinus a considerable amount of rotation occurs at this vertebra
Hyoid bone- 1 bone Cervical Vertebra
relatively delicate and have small bodies, dislocations
The hyoid bone is an unpaired, U-shaped bone. It is and fractures are more common in this area
not part of the skull) and has no direct bony attachment to
the skull. Muscles and ligaments attach it to the skull. The Thoracic Vertebra =12
hyoid bone provides an attachment for some tongue possess long, thin spinous processes, no transverse
muscles, and it is an attachment point for important neck foramina
muscles that elevate the larynx (voicebox) during speech have extra articular facets on their lateral surfaces, 12
or swallowing. ribs attached to this
with more massive bodies
Vertebral column- 26 bones body, articulating facet
Cervical vertebrae 7
Thoracic vertebrae 12 Lumbar Vertebra = 5
Lumbar vertebrae 5
Sacrum 1 Have large, thick bodies and heavy, rectangular
Coccyx 1 transverse and spinous processes.
Articulating processes directed medially
Vertebrae Functions: Spinous process, lamina, transverse process, pedicle,
1. Support the weight of the head and trunk. vertebral foramen
2. Protects the spinal cord.
3. Allow the spinal nerves exit the spinal cord. Intervertebral Disk
4. Provides a site for muscle attachment.
5. Permits movement of the head and trunk. located in between the bodies of vertebra
Prevent vertebral bodies from rubbing each other
FOUR NORMAL CURVATURES: Annulus fibrosus (external)
Nucleus pulposus (internal)
1. Cervical -anteriorly More compressed with increasing age
2. Thoracic -posteriorly Herniated disk, push against spinal cord rupture (can be
3. Lumbar -anteriorly repaired)
4. Sacral and coccyx -posteriorly bed rest
Surgery
ABNORMAL CURVATURES:
Sacrum = 1
Kyphosis, abnormal posterior curvature of thoracic The five sacral vertebrae
region, result in hunchback condition (concave) are fused into a single bone
Lordosis, abnormal anterior curvature of lumbar region,
result in sway back condition (convex)
