@ShopWithKey on Etsy
Pediatrics and care of children Final Study guide
Chapter 1:
1. Top leading causes of death/age group
a. Infants= not safe in any environment. Crawling= putting objects in mouth= poisoning or
aspiration
b. Toddler= mobile. Run/climb= r/f falls, burns & collisions
c. 5-9 yrs= bike accident (no helmet) = head injuries. Accidental poisoning r/t meds
d. Adolescents= MVCs, drug/alcohol abuse/suicide= intentional poisoning
e. Others: drowning/burns/firearms
2. Atraumatic Care
a. Care to eliminate or minimize psych & physical distress of child & fam w/in the health
system
b. Ex. Teddy bear in room- sit them down & explain procedure, foster parent-child
relationship, prepare child for unfamiliar procedure, dec pain, allow play time/ expressing
fear, privacy, respect culture, provide choices
c. Psych stress= anxiety, fear, stress, anger, disappointment, sadness
d. Physical= sleepiness, pain, temp immobile
e. 3 principles= prevent or minimize child separation from fam, promote a sense of
control, prevent body harm
f. Setting: anywhere, personnel: anyone
Chapter 2:
1. Family Structures:
a. Traditional nuclear= 2 parents & children (step, biologic, foster, adopted)
b. Traditional blended= 2 parents & at least 1 step
c. Traditional extended= at least 1 parent, 1 child, 1 relative (grandparents)
d. Binuclear (single-parent) = assuming parent role but eliminating spouse role, divorced
but joint parenting
e. Polygamous (single-parent) = multiple wives/ husbands. Sororal: vies are sisters,
nonsororal
f. Communal=community
g. LGBT
2. Parenting Styles
a. Authoritarian (parent rules) = “bc I said so”. Control the child behavior & attitude
unquestionable. Rules & regulation are expected to be followed. Children are polite,
dependable, honest & can be defiant & antisocial
b. Permissive (child rules) = little to no control. Allow child to make own decisions. Parent
is a resource, not a role model. Rarely punish child (inconsistent)
c. Authoritative (combo of the two)= direct the child by giving them a reason as to why,
respect the child as a person & allow child to voice objections, control focus on issue &
not withdrawal from lover or fear of punishment. Inner directness (control behaviors
based on guilt or shame). Children have ^ self-esteem, resilience & interactive, assertive
& content
3. Discipline Styles
1
,@ShopWithKey on Etsy
a. Limit setting= help kids channel undesirable feelings, protect them from danger, learn
socially acceptable behavior, test limit of control, children NEED & WANT limits,
help test environment & know others are there to protect them
b. Reasoning= explain why action is wrong, young may not understand, kids may be used to
getting attention (act up= lengthy discussion). Think bad attention is better than no
attention
c. Scolding= combo w/ reasoning. Child may take “you are a bad kid” seriously
d. + and – reinforcement= if its rewarded, going to repeat behavior. No reward= no repeat.
Token/stickers= must explain desired action & reward, verbal approval always
e. Ignoring= eventually stop or minimize act, use when child does wrong for attention,
watch for response burst= ^ action to test parent
f. Consequence= natural- w/o intervention, no friend until room is clean. Logical- r/t
problem, can’t play w/ toy until others are cleaned up. Unrelated- time out. Must be
planned & it will happen. Public= time out when we get home.
g. Corporal/physical punishment (spanking)- teaches kids violence is acceptable. Harms te
child, may become used to pain, child may misbehave when parent isn’t around due to
behaving well for their own sake
Biologic/Physical Growth
• Growth & Development
o Biologic/Physical growth
• Weight
o 1.5 lbs/month for 1st 6 months
o Double weight by 6 months
o Triple weight by 1 year
• Height (Infancy)
o 1 inch/month for 6 months
0.5 until year
o 6 months: 65 cm (25.5 inches or 2 ft)
o 1 year: 74 cm (29 in, 2.5 ft)
• Head Circumference
• Chest Circum
o Equal to head 1st year
o Closure of post. fontanelles for 6-8 wks and ant. 12-18 mnths
• Sensory
o Parachute reflex: 7 months
• BF: ^ IGA
• Systolic BP ^ during 1st 2 months & Diastolic lowers during 1st 3 months
• Carbs digested at 4-6 months
• At 1 year what can the child tolerate? 3 meals & 1 evening bottle
• Santmyer Swallow: blow in face & swallow reflex
• Renal System fully developed? 2 yr
o Biologic (Adol)
20-25% of height is during puberty
• F: 2-8 in; stop growing 2 years after menarche
• M: 4-12 in; stop at 18-20
Females: peak height at 12
Males inc at 14
Weight
• Females: 15.5-55
2
,@ShopWithKey on Etsy
• M: 15.5-66
•
o Fine/gross motor
Fine Motor
• Grasp object? 2-3 months
• Hold bottle? 6 months
• Transfer objects? 7 months
Gross Motor
• 4 months: bear weight on forearms and lift head and chest
• 5 mths: ROLL OVER- abd to back
• 6 mths: ROLL OVER- back to abd
• Crawling: 6-7
• Creeping: 9
• Walk: 12 mon
o Language/speech
Language
• Coo, Gurg, & Laugh? 4 mon
• Imitative sounds? 6 mon (no meaning)
• “No”? 9 mon
• Combine syllables? 10-11 (meaning)
• 3-5 words by meaning by 1 yr
Play/Appropriate Toys
Infants
• Birth-3 mo= respond to environment. 1 mo= quiet, 2 mo= smile, 3 mo= squeal
• 3-6 mo= solitary play. Play w/ rattler, interact more in play, excited when food or fav object is
brought to them, LOL, recognize image in mirror
• 6-12 mo= sensorimotor skills, peek a boo & patty cake, verbal repetition, more selective toys &
play mates
• 6-8 mo= do not wanna play w/ strangers, pick favorite & get attention
o 6 mo= extend arm
o 7 mo= cough to make presence known
o 10 mo= pull on parent
o 12 mo= call by name
• Stimulation good for psych growth, videos not recommended for <2 yrs, interaction is
important
Toddler
• Magnifies their physical & psychological development
• Parallel play- along side (not WITH) others
• Imitation- play pretend, most popular
• Tactile play- explore toddler, sand box, water toys, finger paints, soap bubbles, clay, allow
freedom of expression
• Increase locomotive skill- low gyms, push pull toys, rocking pony, etc, encourage simple toys
that foster creativity (blocks), rather than battery operated, limit media to 1 hr
• Selection of toys= size & safety, oral activity risk
Preschooler
3
, @ShopWithKey on Etsy
• Associative play
• Should provide physical (tricycle, swimming, skating, sandbox), social (dress up, trucks,
village sets, med kits, phones, limit tv & media, supervise programs), and mental (blocks,
crayons, musical toys)
• Imaginary playmates- @ 2-3 yrs, 1st child, may blame imaginary friend for wrongdoing or
imagine pretend friend did a wrongdoing & play role as parent (development of control &
autonomy), okay to play along w/ this, do not let friend avoid punishment
• Mutual play w/ parents- can ^ language & cognitive abilities, praise exploring & ^ bonding
School aged
• ^ physical skill, intellectual abilities, & sense of belonging, form group, cliques, clubs, secret
societies
• Rules & rituals- rules= belongings, games have more rules now, chants & taunts “enni Minnie
mine mo”
• Team play= sports & other, teach them competition, how to be a team player, how to rely on
other, strategize, each team mem has a fxn, on good at something, other not
• Quiet games & activities= ^ interest, swimming, cooking, computer, video game, dancing, books
• Ego mastery= make child feel big & powerful as imagination allows, give space to play & work
out frustration & energy
Erikson’s Stages of Development (Psychosocial)
Infants (Trust vs Mistrust)
• Birth- 1 yr
• Task= acquire a sense of trust while overcoming sense of mistrust. Caregiver relationship &
consistent care= important.
• 2 stages
o 1st= last until 3-4 mo. (food intake trust). Primary narcissism begins: all about me. May
use advanced motor, vocal, vision skills to communicate (ex. Hand up & cry when want
to be held). Tactile stimulation important: holding.
o 2nd= 3-4 mo- 1 yr (biting). Can be 1st conflict w/ BF mom
Toddlers (Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt)
• Task: acquire a sense of autonomy while overcoming sense of shame. Conflict: should I be
independent or should rely on others. Need guidelines & limits= reduce guilt of wanting to be
independent. Holding on & letting go.
o Negativism- use “No” a lot. Typical mood swings (fine one min & violent rage next).
Do NOT give in.
o Ritualism- need for sameness= comfort. Hospitalization= upset. Id, ego,
superego/conscience- availed to obtain autonomy (play, sibling crisis, toilet training
etc). Development task= differentiation of self from tohers, tolerate separation, ability
to withstand delayed gratification, control body fxns, improved communications
Preschooler (Initiative vs Guilt)
• Task= acquire a sense of initiative & develop superego/conscience
• Conflict arise when child oversteps limits of their ability & inquiry & experience guilt for not
behaving.
4
Pediatrics and care of children Final Study guide
Chapter 1:
1. Top leading causes of death/age group
a. Infants= not safe in any environment. Crawling= putting objects in mouth= poisoning or
aspiration
b. Toddler= mobile. Run/climb= r/f falls, burns & collisions
c. 5-9 yrs= bike accident (no helmet) = head injuries. Accidental poisoning r/t meds
d. Adolescents= MVCs, drug/alcohol abuse/suicide= intentional poisoning
e. Others: drowning/burns/firearms
2. Atraumatic Care
a. Care to eliminate or minimize psych & physical distress of child & fam w/in the health
system
b. Ex. Teddy bear in room- sit them down & explain procedure, foster parent-child
relationship, prepare child for unfamiliar procedure, dec pain, allow play time/ expressing
fear, privacy, respect culture, provide choices
c. Psych stress= anxiety, fear, stress, anger, disappointment, sadness
d. Physical= sleepiness, pain, temp immobile
e. 3 principles= prevent or minimize child separation from fam, promote a sense of
control, prevent body harm
f. Setting: anywhere, personnel: anyone
Chapter 2:
1. Family Structures:
a. Traditional nuclear= 2 parents & children (step, biologic, foster, adopted)
b. Traditional blended= 2 parents & at least 1 step
c. Traditional extended= at least 1 parent, 1 child, 1 relative (grandparents)
d. Binuclear (single-parent) = assuming parent role but eliminating spouse role, divorced
but joint parenting
e. Polygamous (single-parent) = multiple wives/ husbands. Sororal: vies are sisters,
nonsororal
f. Communal=community
g. LGBT
2. Parenting Styles
a. Authoritarian (parent rules) = “bc I said so”. Control the child behavior & attitude
unquestionable. Rules & regulation are expected to be followed. Children are polite,
dependable, honest & can be defiant & antisocial
b. Permissive (child rules) = little to no control. Allow child to make own decisions. Parent
is a resource, not a role model. Rarely punish child (inconsistent)
c. Authoritative (combo of the two)= direct the child by giving them a reason as to why,
respect the child as a person & allow child to voice objections, control focus on issue &
not withdrawal from lover or fear of punishment. Inner directness (control behaviors
based on guilt or shame). Children have ^ self-esteem, resilience & interactive, assertive
& content
3. Discipline Styles
1
,@ShopWithKey on Etsy
a. Limit setting= help kids channel undesirable feelings, protect them from danger, learn
socially acceptable behavior, test limit of control, children NEED & WANT limits,
help test environment & know others are there to protect them
b. Reasoning= explain why action is wrong, young may not understand, kids may be used to
getting attention (act up= lengthy discussion). Think bad attention is better than no
attention
c. Scolding= combo w/ reasoning. Child may take “you are a bad kid” seriously
d. + and – reinforcement= if its rewarded, going to repeat behavior. No reward= no repeat.
Token/stickers= must explain desired action & reward, verbal approval always
e. Ignoring= eventually stop or minimize act, use when child does wrong for attention,
watch for response burst= ^ action to test parent
f. Consequence= natural- w/o intervention, no friend until room is clean. Logical- r/t
problem, can’t play w/ toy until others are cleaned up. Unrelated- time out. Must be
planned & it will happen. Public= time out when we get home.
g. Corporal/physical punishment (spanking)- teaches kids violence is acceptable. Harms te
child, may become used to pain, child may misbehave when parent isn’t around due to
behaving well for their own sake
Biologic/Physical Growth
• Growth & Development
o Biologic/Physical growth
• Weight
o 1.5 lbs/month for 1st 6 months
o Double weight by 6 months
o Triple weight by 1 year
• Height (Infancy)
o 1 inch/month for 6 months
0.5 until year
o 6 months: 65 cm (25.5 inches or 2 ft)
o 1 year: 74 cm (29 in, 2.5 ft)
• Head Circumference
• Chest Circum
o Equal to head 1st year
o Closure of post. fontanelles for 6-8 wks and ant. 12-18 mnths
• Sensory
o Parachute reflex: 7 months
• BF: ^ IGA
• Systolic BP ^ during 1st 2 months & Diastolic lowers during 1st 3 months
• Carbs digested at 4-6 months
• At 1 year what can the child tolerate? 3 meals & 1 evening bottle
• Santmyer Swallow: blow in face & swallow reflex
• Renal System fully developed? 2 yr
o Biologic (Adol)
20-25% of height is during puberty
• F: 2-8 in; stop growing 2 years after menarche
• M: 4-12 in; stop at 18-20
Females: peak height at 12
Males inc at 14
Weight
• Females: 15.5-55
2
,@ShopWithKey on Etsy
• M: 15.5-66
•
o Fine/gross motor
Fine Motor
• Grasp object? 2-3 months
• Hold bottle? 6 months
• Transfer objects? 7 months
Gross Motor
• 4 months: bear weight on forearms and lift head and chest
• 5 mths: ROLL OVER- abd to back
• 6 mths: ROLL OVER- back to abd
• Crawling: 6-7
• Creeping: 9
• Walk: 12 mon
o Language/speech
Language
• Coo, Gurg, & Laugh? 4 mon
• Imitative sounds? 6 mon (no meaning)
• “No”? 9 mon
• Combine syllables? 10-11 (meaning)
• 3-5 words by meaning by 1 yr
Play/Appropriate Toys
Infants
• Birth-3 mo= respond to environment. 1 mo= quiet, 2 mo= smile, 3 mo= squeal
• 3-6 mo= solitary play. Play w/ rattler, interact more in play, excited when food or fav object is
brought to them, LOL, recognize image in mirror
• 6-12 mo= sensorimotor skills, peek a boo & patty cake, verbal repetition, more selective toys &
play mates
• 6-8 mo= do not wanna play w/ strangers, pick favorite & get attention
o 6 mo= extend arm
o 7 mo= cough to make presence known
o 10 mo= pull on parent
o 12 mo= call by name
• Stimulation good for psych growth, videos not recommended for <2 yrs, interaction is
important
Toddler
• Magnifies their physical & psychological development
• Parallel play- along side (not WITH) others
• Imitation- play pretend, most popular
• Tactile play- explore toddler, sand box, water toys, finger paints, soap bubbles, clay, allow
freedom of expression
• Increase locomotive skill- low gyms, push pull toys, rocking pony, etc, encourage simple toys
that foster creativity (blocks), rather than battery operated, limit media to 1 hr
• Selection of toys= size & safety, oral activity risk
Preschooler
3
, @ShopWithKey on Etsy
• Associative play
• Should provide physical (tricycle, swimming, skating, sandbox), social (dress up, trucks,
village sets, med kits, phones, limit tv & media, supervise programs), and mental (blocks,
crayons, musical toys)
• Imaginary playmates- @ 2-3 yrs, 1st child, may blame imaginary friend for wrongdoing or
imagine pretend friend did a wrongdoing & play role as parent (development of control &
autonomy), okay to play along w/ this, do not let friend avoid punishment
• Mutual play w/ parents- can ^ language & cognitive abilities, praise exploring & ^ bonding
School aged
• ^ physical skill, intellectual abilities, & sense of belonging, form group, cliques, clubs, secret
societies
• Rules & rituals- rules= belongings, games have more rules now, chants & taunts “enni Minnie
mine mo”
• Team play= sports & other, teach them competition, how to be a team player, how to rely on
other, strategize, each team mem has a fxn, on good at something, other not
• Quiet games & activities= ^ interest, swimming, cooking, computer, video game, dancing, books
• Ego mastery= make child feel big & powerful as imagination allows, give space to play & work
out frustration & energy
Erikson’s Stages of Development (Psychosocial)
Infants (Trust vs Mistrust)
• Birth- 1 yr
• Task= acquire a sense of trust while overcoming sense of mistrust. Caregiver relationship &
consistent care= important.
• 2 stages
o 1st= last until 3-4 mo. (food intake trust). Primary narcissism begins: all about me. May
use advanced motor, vocal, vision skills to communicate (ex. Hand up & cry when want
to be held). Tactile stimulation important: holding.
o 2nd= 3-4 mo- 1 yr (biting). Can be 1st conflict w/ BF mom
Toddlers (Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt)
• Task: acquire a sense of autonomy while overcoming sense of shame. Conflict: should I be
independent or should rely on others. Need guidelines & limits= reduce guilt of wanting to be
independent. Holding on & letting go.
o Negativism- use “No” a lot. Typical mood swings (fine one min & violent rage next).
Do NOT give in.
o Ritualism- need for sameness= comfort. Hospitalization= upset. Id, ego,
superego/conscience- availed to obtain autonomy (play, sibling crisis, toilet training
etc). Development task= differentiation of self from tohers, tolerate separation, ability
to withstand delayed gratification, control body fxns, improved communications
Preschooler (Initiative vs Guilt)
• Task= acquire a sense of initiative & develop superego/conscience
• Conflict arise when child oversteps limits of their ability & inquiry & experience guilt for not
behaving.
4
