Glia cells
PNS
CNS
Ependymal Tanycytes Oligodendrocytes Microglia OPC/NG2 Astrocytes Schwann Cells Ganglia
Alter oligodendrocytes function Neural Crest: Amficytes (satellite
Produces CSF; Myelin production
Phagocyting function cells)
Movement; Interfascicular: Within white matter
One SC one axon
Monitoring composition of CSF between nerve fibers;
Maturation: Neuregulin 1
Perineuronal: Gray matter, protective
function; clearing of K+
Altered by schwann cells in PNS
Highly polarized: -70 -80mV
Cl-, K+, GABBA
Transport (eg hormones) from CSF to portal capillary sys
Clathrin and caneolin dependent
Star shaped cells (usually can’t move);
Regulation of K+ conc in ECS, diffuse to cappilar;
Regulation of glutamate (EAAT1/2 transp of gln),
Regulation of synapse activity prevention neuron to run out of glut;
NT recycle, prevention of overexcitation;
Regulation of microglial homeostasis pH regulation, carbonic oxidase;
Gives rise to oligodendrocytes Regulation of water;
Participate in phagocytosis Feeding, fuel reserve(produces gluc)(stores glyc);
Cytokine secretion (activate microglia) BBB (impedes molecular influx into brain, excret of waste
from the brain, reg blood flow): passive(gases,lipid), facility
Can differentiate in astrocytes
diffusion (transporters), active transp (aa,ions),
Resting potential: -85 -90mV transcytosis (coated vesicles, Fe ions);
Release of grow factors
Physical support (produc of extracell matrix, scaffold for
neuronal migration)
Regulate release of NT (Glut,Purin,GABA,D-serine)
Glia limitants (protecting the neuronal tissue, cover
cappilar tissue)
Fibrous astrocytes: prevalent among myelinated nerve
fibers in the white matter, regulate the flow of blood, long
processes;
Protoplasmic astrocytes: short processes, gray matter of
brain and spinal cord, produces a lot of proteins, cleans the
blood;
Resting potential: -76mv
Glial cells with myeloid nature
Related to macrophages
Immune response to extrinsic and intrinsic danger
Role in synaptic plasticity and formation
Role in CNS homeostasis: Synaptic pruning (phagocytes bad synapses)(CDIIb
interact with C3), synaptic plasticity (BDNF), cell death (TNF, NGF);
Role in neuroinflammation: cytokine production (rescue immune cells), phag;
Activation states: Resting (controlling ECS), activated (proliferation, retracted
protrusions), phagocyting (phag cell residues);
Releases NOS and pro inf cytokines;
ON: ATP, nucleotides, neuropeptides, growth factors, LPS (bact);
OFF: Decreased of neuronal activity;
M1- Pro-inflammatory (activated by cytokines); M2-Anti-inflammatory
(activated by disease)(regeneration)
Radial Glia:
Serve as a scaffold for migration of neurons
Stem cells for neurons and glia cells (astrocytes/oligodendrocytes)
In cerebellum: Bergman glia
In retina: Muller cells
PNS
CNS
Ependymal Tanycytes Oligodendrocytes Microglia OPC/NG2 Astrocytes Schwann Cells Ganglia
Alter oligodendrocytes function Neural Crest: Amficytes (satellite
Produces CSF; Myelin production
Phagocyting function cells)
Movement; Interfascicular: Within white matter
One SC one axon
Monitoring composition of CSF between nerve fibers;
Maturation: Neuregulin 1
Perineuronal: Gray matter, protective
function; clearing of K+
Altered by schwann cells in PNS
Highly polarized: -70 -80mV
Cl-, K+, GABBA
Transport (eg hormones) from CSF to portal capillary sys
Clathrin and caneolin dependent
Star shaped cells (usually can’t move);
Regulation of K+ conc in ECS, diffuse to cappilar;
Regulation of glutamate (EAAT1/2 transp of gln),
Regulation of synapse activity prevention neuron to run out of glut;
NT recycle, prevention of overexcitation;
Regulation of microglial homeostasis pH regulation, carbonic oxidase;
Gives rise to oligodendrocytes Regulation of water;
Participate in phagocytosis Feeding, fuel reserve(produces gluc)(stores glyc);
Cytokine secretion (activate microglia) BBB (impedes molecular influx into brain, excret of waste
from the brain, reg blood flow): passive(gases,lipid), facility
Can differentiate in astrocytes
diffusion (transporters), active transp (aa,ions),
Resting potential: -85 -90mV transcytosis (coated vesicles, Fe ions);
Release of grow factors
Physical support (produc of extracell matrix, scaffold for
neuronal migration)
Regulate release of NT (Glut,Purin,GABA,D-serine)
Glia limitants (protecting the neuronal tissue, cover
cappilar tissue)
Fibrous astrocytes: prevalent among myelinated nerve
fibers in the white matter, regulate the flow of blood, long
processes;
Protoplasmic astrocytes: short processes, gray matter of
brain and spinal cord, produces a lot of proteins, cleans the
blood;
Resting potential: -76mv
Glial cells with myeloid nature
Related to macrophages
Immune response to extrinsic and intrinsic danger
Role in synaptic plasticity and formation
Role in CNS homeostasis: Synaptic pruning (phagocytes bad synapses)(CDIIb
interact with C3), synaptic plasticity (BDNF), cell death (TNF, NGF);
Role in neuroinflammation: cytokine production (rescue immune cells), phag;
Activation states: Resting (controlling ECS), activated (proliferation, retracted
protrusions), phagocyting (phag cell residues);
Releases NOS and pro inf cytokines;
ON: ATP, nucleotides, neuropeptides, growth factors, LPS (bact);
OFF: Decreased of neuronal activity;
M1- Pro-inflammatory (activated by cytokines); M2-Anti-inflammatory
(activated by disease)(regeneration)
Radial Glia:
Serve as a scaffold for migration of neurons
Stem cells for neurons and glia cells (astrocytes/oligodendrocytes)
In cerebellum: Bergman glia
In retina: Muller cells
