I
M.COM. PART – II
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
SYLLABUS
1. Nature of Scientific Inquiry-Scientific Methods-Induction-
Deduction-Hypothesis and Theory and their Interpretation-
Nature and Scope of Social Research-Need for Multi-
Disciplinary Inter-Disciplinary Approach in Commerce.
2. Planning of Research-Selection of a problem for Research-
Sample design-Census and Sample Surveys-Sampling
techniques-Sample size.
3. Research Design-Important Aspects of Research Design.
4. Methods of Data Collection-Sources of data-Use of secondary
data-Methods of collecting primary data-Observation-Interviews-
Questionnaires and Schedules.
5. Processing and Analysis of Data : Processing Operations –
Types of Analysis-Presentation and Interpretation of Data-
Editing, Classification and Tabulation-Interpretation.
6. Preparation of a Report-Types of Report-Research Report-
Format-Principles of Writing Reports-Documentation-Foonoters
and Bibliography.
7. Quantative Tools-Measures of Central Tendency-Dispersion-
Measures of Correlation-Simple and Multiple Correlation-testing
of Hypothesis-Tests based on t-P, Z and Chisquare-Time Series
Analysis-Trend Measurement-Moving Averages.
SELECTED REFERENCES
1. Sriwastava, S. C. : Foundation of Social Research and
Economics Techniques, Himalaya Publishing House, 1990.
2. Chou, Ya-Lun : Statistical Analysis with Business and
Economics Applications, 2nd Eds., New York, Hold Rinchart and
Wrintston, 1974.
3. Clover, Vernon t and Balsely, Howerd L : Business Research
Methods, Colombus O. Grid, Inc, 1974.
4. Emary C. Willima : Business Research Methods, Illinois :
Richard D. Irwin Inc. Homewood, 1976.
5. Sharma H.D. and Mukherji S. P. : Research Methods in
Economics and Business, New York : The Macmillan Company,
1992.
, II
6. Gerber R. and Verdoom, P.J. : Research Methods in Economics
and Business, New York, The Macmillan Company, 1992.
7. Courtis J.K. (ed.) Research and Methodology in Accounting &
Financial Management, 1980.
8. Menden HYall and Varacity : Reinmuth J.E. : Statistics for
Management and Economics (2nd Edition), 1982.
9. Krishnaswami O.R. : Methodology of Research in Social
Sciences, Himalaya Publishing House, 1993.
, 1
INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
Unit Structure:
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Definition of Research
1.3 Characteristics of Research
1.4 Objectives of Research
1.5 Nature of Research
1.6 Importance of Research
1.7 Relevance of Research
1.8 Restrictions in Research
1.9 Research Process
1.10 Difference between Research Method and Research
Process
1.11 Questions
1.1 INTRODUCTION:
Research work is traditionally defined as gathering of data to
answer the questions and finding solution to problems. The
research work may be asked to provide answer to questions of
theoretical interest to particular discipline. This may include such
questions which have no interest to the society.
In this chapter the aim is to provide a brief overview of
research methodology along with simple model of research
methodology. We will try to find out the importance of research
methodology in handling the data.
The research in management and social science are
concerned with human beings, which is attach to its surroundings.
The organizational behaviour is an important part of the focus of
research in management and social sciences and researcher must
consider this part carefully to come to conclusions.
The concepts of validity and reliability provide the criteria by
which we need to judge our choice of research methods. These
criteria determine the credibility and academic value of research
work.
, 2
The validity means success of a method in assessing what is
to be assess. If method is valid than result can be taken as true.
There are four main approaches for assessing validity, viz. face
validity, content validity, predictive validity and construct validity.
The4 reliability is a criterion that refer to the consistency of
the data stemming from the use of a particular research method. A
measure is reliable to the extent that the repeated application of it
under the same conditions gives the same result. However,
whatever research method is used, it is always possible to consider
carefully features of research design that make for reliability.
Research is commonly known as search for knowledge. It
can be defined as search for systematic knowledge. Research is
scientific and systematic investigation in relation to specific aspect.
It is a movement from known to unknown.
Research is considered as careful investigation or inquiry to
find out new facts in any branch of knowledge. It is an original
contribution to the existing stock of knowledge making for its
advancement. Therefore research is systemized effort to acquire
new knowledge.
Research should not be considered as academic activity
only, it also applies to all the respect of human activity. Research is
basis for making process of decision effective and more
meaningful. It includes the defining of research problem formulation
of hypothesis, collection of data, analyzing of data and arriving to
conclusions. After the conclusions are drawn, it is also necessary to
find out testing of the conclusions in relation to the hypothesis.
Now research has acquired so much of prominence in all the
activities, that no development can be thought without proper
application of research.
Research is now take up by many professional. It is a way of
thinking. It critically examine the various aspect of the professional
work. It is a habit of questing. What you do and systematic
examination of observed information to find answer, with a view to
make appropriate change for effective use of the information.
1.2 DEFINITION:
Thinkers who have contributed in defining the research are
given below:
1) Grinnel further adds:
‘Research is a structured inquiry that utilizes acceptable
scientific methodologies to solve problems and creates new
knowledge that is generally acceptable’.
M.COM. PART – II
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
SYLLABUS
1. Nature of Scientific Inquiry-Scientific Methods-Induction-
Deduction-Hypothesis and Theory and their Interpretation-
Nature and Scope of Social Research-Need for Multi-
Disciplinary Inter-Disciplinary Approach in Commerce.
2. Planning of Research-Selection of a problem for Research-
Sample design-Census and Sample Surveys-Sampling
techniques-Sample size.
3. Research Design-Important Aspects of Research Design.
4. Methods of Data Collection-Sources of data-Use of secondary
data-Methods of collecting primary data-Observation-Interviews-
Questionnaires and Schedules.
5. Processing and Analysis of Data : Processing Operations –
Types of Analysis-Presentation and Interpretation of Data-
Editing, Classification and Tabulation-Interpretation.
6. Preparation of a Report-Types of Report-Research Report-
Format-Principles of Writing Reports-Documentation-Foonoters
and Bibliography.
7. Quantative Tools-Measures of Central Tendency-Dispersion-
Measures of Correlation-Simple and Multiple Correlation-testing
of Hypothesis-Tests based on t-P, Z and Chisquare-Time Series
Analysis-Trend Measurement-Moving Averages.
SELECTED REFERENCES
1. Sriwastava, S. C. : Foundation of Social Research and
Economics Techniques, Himalaya Publishing House, 1990.
2. Chou, Ya-Lun : Statistical Analysis with Business and
Economics Applications, 2nd Eds., New York, Hold Rinchart and
Wrintston, 1974.
3. Clover, Vernon t and Balsely, Howerd L : Business Research
Methods, Colombus O. Grid, Inc, 1974.
4. Emary C. Willima : Business Research Methods, Illinois :
Richard D. Irwin Inc. Homewood, 1976.
5. Sharma H.D. and Mukherji S. P. : Research Methods in
Economics and Business, New York : The Macmillan Company,
1992.
, II
6. Gerber R. and Verdoom, P.J. : Research Methods in Economics
and Business, New York, The Macmillan Company, 1992.
7. Courtis J.K. (ed.) Research and Methodology in Accounting &
Financial Management, 1980.
8. Menden HYall and Varacity : Reinmuth J.E. : Statistics for
Management and Economics (2nd Edition), 1982.
9. Krishnaswami O.R. : Methodology of Research in Social
Sciences, Himalaya Publishing House, 1993.
, 1
INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
Unit Structure:
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Definition of Research
1.3 Characteristics of Research
1.4 Objectives of Research
1.5 Nature of Research
1.6 Importance of Research
1.7 Relevance of Research
1.8 Restrictions in Research
1.9 Research Process
1.10 Difference between Research Method and Research
Process
1.11 Questions
1.1 INTRODUCTION:
Research work is traditionally defined as gathering of data to
answer the questions and finding solution to problems. The
research work may be asked to provide answer to questions of
theoretical interest to particular discipline. This may include such
questions which have no interest to the society.
In this chapter the aim is to provide a brief overview of
research methodology along with simple model of research
methodology. We will try to find out the importance of research
methodology in handling the data.
The research in management and social science are
concerned with human beings, which is attach to its surroundings.
The organizational behaviour is an important part of the focus of
research in management and social sciences and researcher must
consider this part carefully to come to conclusions.
The concepts of validity and reliability provide the criteria by
which we need to judge our choice of research methods. These
criteria determine the credibility and academic value of research
work.
, 2
The validity means success of a method in assessing what is
to be assess. If method is valid than result can be taken as true.
There are four main approaches for assessing validity, viz. face
validity, content validity, predictive validity and construct validity.
The4 reliability is a criterion that refer to the consistency of
the data stemming from the use of a particular research method. A
measure is reliable to the extent that the repeated application of it
under the same conditions gives the same result. However,
whatever research method is used, it is always possible to consider
carefully features of research design that make for reliability.
Research is commonly known as search for knowledge. It
can be defined as search for systematic knowledge. Research is
scientific and systematic investigation in relation to specific aspect.
It is a movement from known to unknown.
Research is considered as careful investigation or inquiry to
find out new facts in any branch of knowledge. It is an original
contribution to the existing stock of knowledge making for its
advancement. Therefore research is systemized effort to acquire
new knowledge.
Research should not be considered as academic activity
only, it also applies to all the respect of human activity. Research is
basis for making process of decision effective and more
meaningful. It includes the defining of research problem formulation
of hypothesis, collection of data, analyzing of data and arriving to
conclusions. After the conclusions are drawn, it is also necessary to
find out testing of the conclusions in relation to the hypothesis.
Now research has acquired so much of prominence in all the
activities, that no development can be thought without proper
application of research.
Research is now take up by many professional. It is a way of
thinking. It critically examine the various aspect of the professional
work. It is a habit of questing. What you do and systematic
examination of observed information to find answer, with a view to
make appropriate change for effective use of the information.
1.2 DEFINITION:
Thinkers who have contributed in defining the research are
given below:
1) Grinnel further adds:
‘Research is a structured inquiry that utilizes acceptable
scientific methodologies to solve problems and creates new
knowledge that is generally acceptable’.
