VEER SURENDRA SAI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY BURLA, ODISHA, INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Lecture Notes on Power
System Engineering II
Subject Code:BEE1604
6th Semester B.Tech. (Electrical & Electronics Engineering)
, Disclaimer
This document does not claim any originality and cannot be used as a substitute for prescribed
textbooks. The information presented here is merely a collection by the committee members for
their respective teaching assignments. Various sources as mentioned at the end of the document
as well as freely available material from internet were consulted for preparing this document.
The ownership of the information lies with the respective authors or institutions. Further, this
document is not intended to be used for commercial purpose and the committee members are not
accountable for any issues, legal or otherwise, arising out of use of this document. The
committee members make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or
completeness of the contents of this document and specifically disclaim any implied warranties
of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. The committee members shall be liable for
any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special,
incidental, consequential, or other damages.
, (6 SEMESTER)
POWER SYSTEM-II (3-1-0)
MODULE-I (10 HOURS)
Lines Constants: Resistance, inductance and capacitance of single and three phase lines with
symmetrical and unsymmetrical spacing transposition, charging current, skin effect and
proximity effect, Performance of transmission Lines: Analysis of short, medium and long lines,
equivalentcircuit, representation of the lines and calculation of transmission parameters, Power
flow through transmission line, Power circle diagram, Series and shunt compensation.
MODULE-II (10 HOURS)
Corona: Power loss due to corona, practical importance of corona, use of bundled conductors in
E.H.V. transmission lines and its advantages, Overhead line Insulators, voltage distribution in
suspension type insulators, string efficiency, grading. Sag and stress calculation of overhead
conductors, vibration dampers
Under Ground Cable: Type and construction, grading of cables, capacitance in 3 core cables and
dielectric loss in cables.
MODULE-III (10 HOURS)
Definition of the load flow problem, Network model formulation, A load flow sample
study,Computational aspect of the load flow problem. Gauss siedel and Newton Raphson method
for power flow fast decoupled load flow, On load tap changing transformer and block regulating
transformer, effects of regulating transformers.
MODULE-IV (10 HOURS)
Economic Operation of Power System: Distribution offload between units within a plant,
Transmission losses as function of plant generation, Calculation of loss coefficients, Distribution
of loads between plants with special reference to steam and hydel plants, Automatic load
dispatching. Introduction to Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS), SVC, TCSC, SSSC,
STATCOM and UPFC
BOOKS
[1]. John J Grainger, W. D. Stevenson, “Power System Analysis”, TMH Publication
[2]. I. J. Nagrath & D. P. Kothari, “Power System Analysis”, TMH Publication
, MODULE I
Transmission line
Conductors
Commonly used conductor materials:
The most commonly used conductor materials for over head lines are copper, aluminium, steel-
cored aluminium, galvanised steel and cadmium copper. The choice of a particular material will
depend upon the cost, the required electrical and mechanical properties and the local conditions.
All conductors used for overhead lines are preferably stranded in order to increase the
flexibility.In stranded conductors, there is generally one central wire and round this,
successive layers of wires containing 6, 12, 18, 24 ...... wires. Thus, if there are n layers,
the total number of individual wires is 3n(n + 1) + 1. In the manufacture of stranded
conductors, the consecutive layers of wires are twisted or spiralled in opposite directions so
that layers are bound together.
Types of Conductors
1. Copper. Copper is an ideal material for overhead lines owing to its high electrical
conductivity and greater tensile strength. It is always used in the hard drawn form as stranded
conductor. Although hard drawing decreases the electrical conductivity slightly yet it increases
the tensile strength considerably.
Copper has high current density i.e., the current carrying capacity of copper per unit of X-
sectional area is quite large. This leads to two advantages. Firstly, smaller X-sectional area of
conductor is required and secondly, the area offered by the conductor to wind loads is
reduced. Moreover, this metal is quite homogeneous, durable and has high scrap value. There is
hardly any doubt that copper is an ideal material for transmission and distribution of
electric power. However, due to its higher cost and non-availability, it is rarely used for these
purposes. Now-a-days the trend is to use aluminium in place of copper.
2. Aluminium. Aluminium is cheap and light as compared to copper but it has much
smaller conductivity and tensile strength. The relative comparison of the two materials is briefed
below:
(i) The conductivity of aluminium is 60% that of copper. The smaller conductivity of aluminium
means that for any particular transmission efficiency, the X-sectional area of conductor must be
larger in aluminium than in copper. For the same resistance, the diameter of aluminium
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Lecture Notes on Power
System Engineering II
Subject Code:BEE1604
6th Semester B.Tech. (Electrical & Electronics Engineering)
, Disclaimer
This document does not claim any originality and cannot be used as a substitute for prescribed
textbooks. The information presented here is merely a collection by the committee members for
their respective teaching assignments. Various sources as mentioned at the end of the document
as well as freely available material from internet were consulted for preparing this document.
The ownership of the information lies with the respective authors or institutions. Further, this
document is not intended to be used for commercial purpose and the committee members are not
accountable for any issues, legal or otherwise, arising out of use of this document. The
committee members make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or
completeness of the contents of this document and specifically disclaim any implied warranties
of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. The committee members shall be liable for
any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special,
incidental, consequential, or other damages.
, (6 SEMESTER)
POWER SYSTEM-II (3-1-0)
MODULE-I (10 HOURS)
Lines Constants: Resistance, inductance and capacitance of single and three phase lines with
symmetrical and unsymmetrical spacing transposition, charging current, skin effect and
proximity effect, Performance of transmission Lines: Analysis of short, medium and long lines,
equivalentcircuit, representation of the lines and calculation of transmission parameters, Power
flow through transmission line, Power circle diagram, Series and shunt compensation.
MODULE-II (10 HOURS)
Corona: Power loss due to corona, practical importance of corona, use of bundled conductors in
E.H.V. transmission lines and its advantages, Overhead line Insulators, voltage distribution in
suspension type insulators, string efficiency, grading. Sag and stress calculation of overhead
conductors, vibration dampers
Under Ground Cable: Type and construction, grading of cables, capacitance in 3 core cables and
dielectric loss in cables.
MODULE-III (10 HOURS)
Definition of the load flow problem, Network model formulation, A load flow sample
study,Computational aspect of the load flow problem. Gauss siedel and Newton Raphson method
for power flow fast decoupled load flow, On load tap changing transformer and block regulating
transformer, effects of regulating transformers.
MODULE-IV (10 HOURS)
Economic Operation of Power System: Distribution offload between units within a plant,
Transmission losses as function of plant generation, Calculation of loss coefficients, Distribution
of loads between plants with special reference to steam and hydel plants, Automatic load
dispatching. Introduction to Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS), SVC, TCSC, SSSC,
STATCOM and UPFC
BOOKS
[1]. John J Grainger, W. D. Stevenson, “Power System Analysis”, TMH Publication
[2]. I. J. Nagrath & D. P. Kothari, “Power System Analysis”, TMH Publication
, MODULE I
Transmission line
Conductors
Commonly used conductor materials:
The most commonly used conductor materials for over head lines are copper, aluminium, steel-
cored aluminium, galvanised steel and cadmium copper. The choice of a particular material will
depend upon the cost, the required electrical and mechanical properties and the local conditions.
All conductors used for overhead lines are preferably stranded in order to increase the
flexibility.In stranded conductors, there is generally one central wire and round this,
successive layers of wires containing 6, 12, 18, 24 ...... wires. Thus, if there are n layers,
the total number of individual wires is 3n(n + 1) + 1. In the manufacture of stranded
conductors, the consecutive layers of wires are twisted or spiralled in opposite directions so
that layers are bound together.
Types of Conductors
1. Copper. Copper is an ideal material for overhead lines owing to its high electrical
conductivity and greater tensile strength. It is always used in the hard drawn form as stranded
conductor. Although hard drawing decreases the electrical conductivity slightly yet it increases
the tensile strength considerably.
Copper has high current density i.e., the current carrying capacity of copper per unit of X-
sectional area is quite large. This leads to two advantages. Firstly, smaller X-sectional area of
conductor is required and secondly, the area offered by the conductor to wind loads is
reduced. Moreover, this metal is quite homogeneous, durable and has high scrap value. There is
hardly any doubt that copper is an ideal material for transmission and distribution of
electric power. However, due to its higher cost and non-availability, it is rarely used for these
purposes. Now-a-days the trend is to use aluminium in place of copper.
2. Aluminium. Aluminium is cheap and light as compared to copper but it has much
smaller conductivity and tensile strength. The relative comparison of the two materials is briefed
below:
(i) The conductivity of aluminium is 60% that of copper. The smaller conductivity of aluminium
means that for any particular transmission efficiency, the X-sectional area of conductor must be
larger in aluminium than in copper. For the same resistance, the diameter of aluminium
