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Summary of 332 pages for the course Bachelor & Master at Bachelor & Master (Lecturer Notes)

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Control System Design

,Department of Automatic Control
Lund Institute of Technology
Box 118
SE-221 00 LUND
Sweden




&
c 2002 by Karl Johan Åström. All rights reserved.

,Contents


1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2 A Brief History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3 Process Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.4 Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.5 Robotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.6 Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.7 Aeronautics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.8 Electronics and Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.9 Automotive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.10 Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.11 Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
1.12 Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.13 Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
1.14 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2. Feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.2 Simple Forms of Feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.3 Representation of Feedback Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.4 Properties of Feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.5 Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.6 Open and Closed Loop Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.7 Feedforward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3. Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.2 Two Views on Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.3 Ordinary Differential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.4 Laplace Transforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

3

, Contents

3.5 Frequency Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
3.6 State Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
3.7 Linear Time-Invariant Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
3.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
4. Simple Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
4.2 Cruise Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
4.3 Bicycle Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
4.4 Control of First Order Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
4.5 Control of Second Order Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
4.6 Control of Systems of High Order* . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
4.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
5. Feedback Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
5.2 The Basic Feedback Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
5.3 The Gang of Six . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
5.4 Disturbance Attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
5.5 Process Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
5.6 When are Two Processes Similar? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
5.7 The Sensitivity Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
5.8 Reference Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
5.9 Fundamental Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
5.10 Electronic Amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
5.11 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
6. PID Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
6.2 The Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
6.3 Filtering and Set Point Weighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
6.4 Different Parameterizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
6.5 Windup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
6.6 Tuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
6.7 Computer Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
6.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
7. Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
7.2 Stability and Robustness to Process Variations . . . . . 252
7.3 Disturbances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
7.4 Reference Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
7.5 Specifications Based on Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . 262
7.6 Properties of Simple Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
7.7 Poles and Zeros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
7.8 Relations Between Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

4

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