Prep. By: Huzaifa Khan
UNIT I: INCLUSIVE EDUCATION
Historical Background Of Inclusive Education
History is said to be a chronological description of the persons , institution and
societies in terms of their existences and major events of their lives since their
inception till date. However, a history of special education and history of
exceptionality ,as winzer (1993) observers , are not the same, one deals with
educational and institutional arrangements first formally established in the 18th
century, the other with the people who have been present in society since the
beginnings. Let us have a brief discussion
1. The era of exclusion -extermination and abandonment:- the earlier history of
treating disability /exceptionality is almost dominated by the philosophy of
exclusion i.e. totally excluding and exterminating the disabled from the main
stream of the general population through a quit horrified majors like killing,
mutilating, burning exiling, abandoning or making them vanish from the
scene some how or the other. Such practices where in vogue through out the
globe in almost all the ancient civilization of the world
2. The era of acceptance as a subject amusement and use:- disabled children ,
who happened to survive these draconian measures on one or the other
accounts like undetected conditions, post natal deformities or humanistic
tendencies grown in some societies against the brutal measures of
infanticide and started in an era of accepting their existences , not as a
normal human being, but as a subject of amusement and means of serving
one or the other ulterior motives of the society.
1
, Prep. By: Huzaifa Khan
3. The era of prohibition, legal discrimination and witchcraft:- The rise of
church as a religious institution in the medieval period led to play a new
tone in the treatment of attitudes towards disabilities the bible became a
code of ethics in collaboration with churches the rulers in the European
society established quite discriminatory legal laws depriving the disabled
people of their rights of inheritance and forbidding there to testify in a
course of justice, making a deed, contract note or will.
4. The era of sympathy and asylum -institutionalization:- with the advent of the
second phase Christian era, attempts where in vogue to stop the abuse of
the disabled children. disabled children where now regarded those poor
souls who have been denied opportunities to lead a normal life on account of
the annoyance of the Almighty for committing sins. they were now a subject
of sympathy rather than of suspension or amusement.
5. The era of isolated setting(special schools):-the renaissance movement
originated from Italy in 16th century & then spread throughout the western
world in 17th century brought a new era of hope to the disabled population.
The spirit of renaissance gave birth to most of the genuine efforts in the
direction of special education for the disabled population. In this era,
separate schools were established like special schools or special education
for deaf, special education for blind, special education for mentally retarded
etc.
6. The era of segregated settings special classes:-with the advent of 20th
century, these began a new era in the history of the education for
2
, Prep. By: Huzaifa Khan
exceptional/disabled in the shape of moving from the isolated setting of
special schools to the segregated settings of the special classes within the
normal regular schools. It was the result of a new wave of humanism,
coupled with the increasing demands of equality of educational
opportunities to all children irrespective of their disabilities in the regular
schools run by the government or founded or founded and supported by the
public money.
7. The era of inclusive setting regular classes:-the era of inclusive settings i.e.
educating all types of children whether exceptional or normal together in the
regular classes of the mainstream schools, represents the modern era and
latest development in the history of special/disability education. Apart from
dissatisfaction with continuation of special classes in the regular schools, a
new wave of change in the name of upholding human right providing equity
& equality of educational opportunities to all children , gave birth to a strong
build up in favor of inclusion i.e. placement of exceptional children in regular
classroom without discrimination of any sort.
Principles Of Inclusion & Necessary Resources:
Inclusive education is an integral part of general system of education ,hence
the principles applicable to general /traditional form of education are equally
important in inclusive education with only difference in their methodological
difference because of varying characteristics and needs of various types of
disabled persons. The principles of inclusive education are as:
1) Teaching all students:- Educators should take several different approaches to
teaching the same material so that information becomes more interesting
and tangible to a greater number of students.
3
UNIT I: INCLUSIVE EDUCATION
Historical Background Of Inclusive Education
History is said to be a chronological description of the persons , institution and
societies in terms of their existences and major events of their lives since their
inception till date. However, a history of special education and history of
exceptionality ,as winzer (1993) observers , are not the same, one deals with
educational and institutional arrangements first formally established in the 18th
century, the other with the people who have been present in society since the
beginnings. Let us have a brief discussion
1. The era of exclusion -extermination and abandonment:- the earlier history of
treating disability /exceptionality is almost dominated by the philosophy of
exclusion i.e. totally excluding and exterminating the disabled from the main
stream of the general population through a quit horrified majors like killing,
mutilating, burning exiling, abandoning or making them vanish from the
scene some how or the other. Such practices where in vogue through out the
globe in almost all the ancient civilization of the world
2. The era of acceptance as a subject amusement and use:- disabled children ,
who happened to survive these draconian measures on one or the other
accounts like undetected conditions, post natal deformities or humanistic
tendencies grown in some societies against the brutal measures of
infanticide and started in an era of accepting their existences , not as a
normal human being, but as a subject of amusement and means of serving
one or the other ulterior motives of the society.
1
, Prep. By: Huzaifa Khan
3. The era of prohibition, legal discrimination and witchcraft:- The rise of
church as a religious institution in the medieval period led to play a new
tone in the treatment of attitudes towards disabilities the bible became a
code of ethics in collaboration with churches the rulers in the European
society established quite discriminatory legal laws depriving the disabled
people of their rights of inheritance and forbidding there to testify in a
course of justice, making a deed, contract note or will.
4. The era of sympathy and asylum -institutionalization:- with the advent of the
second phase Christian era, attempts where in vogue to stop the abuse of
the disabled children. disabled children where now regarded those poor
souls who have been denied opportunities to lead a normal life on account of
the annoyance of the Almighty for committing sins. they were now a subject
of sympathy rather than of suspension or amusement.
5. The era of isolated setting(special schools):-the renaissance movement
originated from Italy in 16th century & then spread throughout the western
world in 17th century brought a new era of hope to the disabled population.
The spirit of renaissance gave birth to most of the genuine efforts in the
direction of special education for the disabled population. In this era,
separate schools were established like special schools or special education
for deaf, special education for blind, special education for mentally retarded
etc.
6. The era of segregated settings special classes:-with the advent of 20th
century, these began a new era in the history of the education for
2
, Prep. By: Huzaifa Khan
exceptional/disabled in the shape of moving from the isolated setting of
special schools to the segregated settings of the special classes within the
normal regular schools. It was the result of a new wave of humanism,
coupled with the increasing demands of equality of educational
opportunities to all children irrespective of their disabilities in the regular
schools run by the government or founded or founded and supported by the
public money.
7. The era of inclusive setting regular classes:-the era of inclusive settings i.e.
educating all types of children whether exceptional or normal together in the
regular classes of the mainstream schools, represents the modern era and
latest development in the history of special/disability education. Apart from
dissatisfaction with continuation of special classes in the regular schools, a
new wave of change in the name of upholding human right providing equity
& equality of educational opportunities to all children , gave birth to a strong
build up in favor of inclusion i.e. placement of exceptional children in regular
classroom without discrimination of any sort.
Principles Of Inclusion & Necessary Resources:
Inclusive education is an integral part of general system of education ,hence
the principles applicable to general /traditional form of education are equally
important in inclusive education with only difference in their methodological
difference because of varying characteristics and needs of various types of
disabled persons. The principles of inclusive education are as:
1) Teaching all students:- Educators should take several different approaches to
teaching the same material so that information becomes more interesting
and tangible to a greater number of students.
3
