BSC 2085L Midterm Review
2022 A GRADE
Lab 1 Human Body Overview: Exercises 1-2:
1. Know and understand Body Orientation and Directions. Be able to understand
them in practical use.
• Superior/inferior (above/below) – location of structures along the long axis of
the body, head is superior to neck, knees are inferior to pelvis
• Anterior/posterior (front/back) – the most anterior structures are those that
are most forward, posterior structures are those toward the backside of the body.
The nose is anterior to the brain. The buttocks is posterior to the genitals
• Medial/Lateral (toward the midline/away from the midline) – Medial structures
are closer to the body midline or spine in humans, lateral structures are farther
away from the midline. The arms are lateral to the chest, the genitals are medial
to the hips
• Cephalad/Caudal (toward the head/toward the tail) – in humans are like
superior/inferior. In animals they are anterior and posterior
• Dorsal/Ventral (backside/belly side) – In humans are posterior and anterior, in
animals are superior inferior.
• Superficial/deep (toward or at the body surface/ away from the body surface or
more internal) – locate body organs according to their relative closeness to the
body surface. The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles
,2. Know and understand Body Planes and Directions and understand the terms in
practical use.
• Sagittal plane – the plane that runs longitudinally down the length of the body,
dividing it into right and left parts
• Median/midsagittal plane – if it divides the body into equal parts right down
the median plane of the body
• Frontal (coronal) plane – a longitudinal plane that divides the body (or an
organ) into anterior or posterior parts
• Transverse plane - plane that runs horizontally, dividing the body into superior
or inferior parts. These sections are called cross sections
3. Be able to identify in which body cavity a major organ or body part would be
found. (Heart, lungs, kidneys, ovaries, stomach, intestines)
• Dorsal Body Cavity
• Consists of the cranial and spinal cavities.
• Cranial cavity – within the rigid skull, contains the brain
• Spinal cavity – runs within the bony vertebral column, protects the
spinal cord
, • Spinal cord is a continuation of the brain, the cavities containing them
are continuous with each other
• Ventral Body Cavity
• Thoracic cavity – separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by the
muscular diaphragm. Contains heart and lungs which are protected by the
bony rib cage
• Subdivided into the lateral pleural cavities – each surround a lung,
and the medial mediastinum.
• The mediastinum contains the pericardial cavity – encloses the
heart, and it also surrounds the remaining thoracic organs (esophagus,
trachea, and others)
• Abdominopelvic cavity – cavity inferior to the diaphragm
• Superior abdominal cavity – area that houses the stomach,
intestines, liver, and other organs
• Inferior pelvic cavity – partially enclosed by the bony pelvis and
contains the reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum. Tips away from
abdominal cavity in a posterior direction
• Umbilical region - centermost region, belly button
• Epigastric region – immediately superior to the umbilical region,
overlies most of stomach
• Hypogastric (pubic) region – inferior to umbilical region
• Iliac regions – lateral to the hypogastric region and overlying
superior parts of hip bones
• Lumbar region – between the ribs and the flaring portions of the hip
bones, lateral to umbilical region
• Hypochondriac region – flanking epigastric region laterally and
overlying lower ribs
4. Know what muscle separates the thoracic from abdominal cavity.
• Diaphragm
5. On a dissected rat be able to identify: lungs, heart, liver, stomach, spleen, large
intestine, and diaphragm.
Lab 2 Tissues and Skin: Exercises 5-6:
1. Characteristics and function of epithelia.
• Epithelial tissues cover surfaces. Epithelia cover the external body surface (the
epidermis), line its cavities, and generally mark off our “insides” from our
outsides.
• Glands are classed as epithelia because they almost always develop from
epithelial membranes
• Functions include protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, and
sometimes sensory reception
• Characteristics –cells fit closely together to form membranes, or sheets of cells,
that are bound together by specialized junctions
2022 A GRADE
Lab 1 Human Body Overview: Exercises 1-2:
1. Know and understand Body Orientation and Directions. Be able to understand
them in practical use.
• Superior/inferior (above/below) – location of structures along the long axis of
the body, head is superior to neck, knees are inferior to pelvis
• Anterior/posterior (front/back) – the most anterior structures are those that
are most forward, posterior structures are those toward the backside of the body.
The nose is anterior to the brain. The buttocks is posterior to the genitals
• Medial/Lateral (toward the midline/away from the midline) – Medial structures
are closer to the body midline or spine in humans, lateral structures are farther
away from the midline. The arms are lateral to the chest, the genitals are medial
to the hips
• Cephalad/Caudal (toward the head/toward the tail) – in humans are like
superior/inferior. In animals they are anterior and posterior
• Dorsal/Ventral (backside/belly side) – In humans are posterior and anterior, in
animals are superior inferior.
• Superficial/deep (toward or at the body surface/ away from the body surface or
more internal) – locate body organs according to their relative closeness to the
body surface. The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles
,2. Know and understand Body Planes and Directions and understand the terms in
practical use.
• Sagittal plane – the plane that runs longitudinally down the length of the body,
dividing it into right and left parts
• Median/midsagittal plane – if it divides the body into equal parts right down
the median plane of the body
• Frontal (coronal) plane – a longitudinal plane that divides the body (or an
organ) into anterior or posterior parts
• Transverse plane - plane that runs horizontally, dividing the body into superior
or inferior parts. These sections are called cross sections
3. Be able to identify in which body cavity a major organ or body part would be
found. (Heart, lungs, kidneys, ovaries, stomach, intestines)
• Dorsal Body Cavity
• Consists of the cranial and spinal cavities.
• Cranial cavity – within the rigid skull, contains the brain
• Spinal cavity – runs within the bony vertebral column, protects the
spinal cord
, • Spinal cord is a continuation of the brain, the cavities containing them
are continuous with each other
• Ventral Body Cavity
• Thoracic cavity – separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by the
muscular diaphragm. Contains heart and lungs which are protected by the
bony rib cage
• Subdivided into the lateral pleural cavities – each surround a lung,
and the medial mediastinum.
• The mediastinum contains the pericardial cavity – encloses the
heart, and it also surrounds the remaining thoracic organs (esophagus,
trachea, and others)
• Abdominopelvic cavity – cavity inferior to the diaphragm
• Superior abdominal cavity – area that houses the stomach,
intestines, liver, and other organs
• Inferior pelvic cavity – partially enclosed by the bony pelvis and
contains the reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum. Tips away from
abdominal cavity in a posterior direction
• Umbilical region - centermost region, belly button
• Epigastric region – immediately superior to the umbilical region,
overlies most of stomach
• Hypogastric (pubic) region – inferior to umbilical region
• Iliac regions – lateral to the hypogastric region and overlying
superior parts of hip bones
• Lumbar region – between the ribs and the flaring portions of the hip
bones, lateral to umbilical region
• Hypochondriac region – flanking epigastric region laterally and
overlying lower ribs
4. Know what muscle separates the thoracic from abdominal cavity.
• Diaphragm
5. On a dissected rat be able to identify: lungs, heart, liver, stomach, spleen, large
intestine, and diaphragm.
Lab 2 Tissues and Skin: Exercises 5-6:
1. Characteristics and function of epithelia.
• Epithelial tissues cover surfaces. Epithelia cover the external body surface (the
epidermis), line its cavities, and generally mark off our “insides” from our
outsides.
• Glands are classed as epithelia because they almost always develop from
epithelial membranes
• Functions include protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, and
sometimes sensory reception
• Characteristics –cells fit closely together to form membranes, or sheets of cells,
that are bound together by specialized junctions
