Bio 212 – Exam 1 Study Guide
Ch 1 – Terminology
Ch 5 – Cellular Responses
Ch 14 – Inflammation, Tissue Repair and Wound Healing
Ch 7 – Genetic and Congenital Disorders
Ch 8 – Cancer
Cell cycle
o Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase,
Telophase Transcription and translation
o DNA RNA
o RNA proteins
Gene expression
o Phenotype—physical traits
o Genotype—genetic
makeup Stem cells
o In bone marrow
o Epidermis! Skin hair and
nails Cellular respiration
o CO2 + H2O
Homeostasis!
o Everything in this class is the lack of homeostasis!!
o Positive feedback!!
o Childbirth is positive feedback—known end.
o Stable. Stability. Yay!
Blood pressure
o Heart rate, stroke rate etc.
Ch 1 - Terminology
Pathophysiology
Physiology of altered health, the study of structural and functional changes to cells, tissues
and organs of the body that cause or are caused by disease
Health
“State of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of
disease” (WHO)
Disease
An acute or chronic illness that causes physiological dysfunction in one or more body
systems Manifests initially at the cellular level
, Aspects of disease process include:
o Etiology, pathogenesis, morphological changes, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, clinical course
Etiology (Etiological factors) – the cause of disease
Congenital – defects present at birth
Acquired – caused by event after
birth Biological – bacteria, viruses
Physical – burns, trauma
Chemical – toxins
Nutritional – excess or deficits
Genetics – inheritance
Multifactorial – ex: cancer, heart disease, diabetes
Risk factors
Multiple factors that predispose a person to a particular disease
Pathogenesis
Sequence of events that take place from the contact with an etiological agent to the
expression of disease
Morphological changes
Gross anatomic and microscopic changes characteristic to a specific disease
Clinical manifestation – manifestation of disease
Symptom – subjective complaint by the patient
Sign – objectively identified or measured by an observer
Syndrome – compilation of signs and symptoms characteristic to a certain
disease Complications – possible adverse effects of a disease or treatment
Sequelae – normal lesions or impairments caused by a disease or treatment
Diagnosis – determination of the cause of a health problem
Result of patient history, physical examination and
diagnostic tests Diagnostic tests
o Normal values – established from test results from a selected sample of
people; 95% distribution
o Validity – the extent to which a measurement tool measures what it is intended to measure
o Reliability – extent to which an observation, if repeated, gives the same result.
o Standardization – aimed at increasing the trueness and reliability of measured values
o Sensitivity – the proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease on
a given test or observation (true-positive)
o Specificity – the proportion of people without the disease who are negative on a
given test or observation (true-negative)
o Predicted value – extent to which an observation or test result is able to predict the
presence of a given disease or condition
, Clinical course – evolution of a disease
Acute – relatively severe but self
limiting Chronic – continuous, long
term process Subacute – intermediate
Preclinical stage – not clinically evident but is destined to progress to clinical disease
Subclinical stage – not clinically evident and is not destined to become clinically
apparent Clinical disease – signs and symptoms
Carrier status – a person who harbors an organism but is not infected
Epidemiology – study of disease within human populations
Incidence – number of new cases within a population at a given point in
time Prevalence – existing disease within a population at a given time
Morbidity – effects an illness has on a person’s life or lifestyle
Mortality – statistics regarding causes of death in a given population
_________________________________________________________________________
Ch 5 – Cellular, Adaptation, Injury, and Death
Review Ch 4 for normal cell and tissue structure and function
CELLULAR ADAPTATIONS
When confronted with stress, a cell will undergo adaptive changes
Reversible, no damage or impaired function
Irreversible, allows survival but function is
impaired Irreversible, cell dies
Changes to size, number or shape, intracellular accumulations, pathologic calcifications
Changes to cell size, number or shape
Atrophy – reduction in cell size due to decreased workload or adverse environmental
conditions o Disuse
o Denervation
o Loss of endocrine stimulation
Ch 1 – Terminology
Ch 5 – Cellular Responses
Ch 14 – Inflammation, Tissue Repair and Wound Healing
Ch 7 – Genetic and Congenital Disorders
Ch 8 – Cancer
Cell cycle
o Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase,
Telophase Transcription and translation
o DNA RNA
o RNA proteins
Gene expression
o Phenotype—physical traits
o Genotype—genetic
makeup Stem cells
o In bone marrow
o Epidermis! Skin hair and
nails Cellular respiration
o CO2 + H2O
Homeostasis!
o Everything in this class is the lack of homeostasis!!
o Positive feedback!!
o Childbirth is positive feedback—known end.
o Stable. Stability. Yay!
Blood pressure
o Heart rate, stroke rate etc.
Ch 1 - Terminology
Pathophysiology
Physiology of altered health, the study of structural and functional changes to cells, tissues
and organs of the body that cause or are caused by disease
Health
“State of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of
disease” (WHO)
Disease
An acute or chronic illness that causes physiological dysfunction in one or more body
systems Manifests initially at the cellular level
, Aspects of disease process include:
o Etiology, pathogenesis, morphological changes, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, clinical course
Etiology (Etiological factors) – the cause of disease
Congenital – defects present at birth
Acquired – caused by event after
birth Biological – bacteria, viruses
Physical – burns, trauma
Chemical – toxins
Nutritional – excess or deficits
Genetics – inheritance
Multifactorial – ex: cancer, heart disease, diabetes
Risk factors
Multiple factors that predispose a person to a particular disease
Pathogenesis
Sequence of events that take place from the contact with an etiological agent to the
expression of disease
Morphological changes
Gross anatomic and microscopic changes characteristic to a specific disease
Clinical manifestation – manifestation of disease
Symptom – subjective complaint by the patient
Sign – objectively identified or measured by an observer
Syndrome – compilation of signs and symptoms characteristic to a certain
disease Complications – possible adverse effects of a disease or treatment
Sequelae – normal lesions or impairments caused by a disease or treatment
Diagnosis – determination of the cause of a health problem
Result of patient history, physical examination and
diagnostic tests Diagnostic tests
o Normal values – established from test results from a selected sample of
people; 95% distribution
o Validity – the extent to which a measurement tool measures what it is intended to measure
o Reliability – extent to which an observation, if repeated, gives the same result.
o Standardization – aimed at increasing the trueness and reliability of measured values
o Sensitivity – the proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease on
a given test or observation (true-positive)
o Specificity – the proportion of people without the disease who are negative on a
given test or observation (true-negative)
o Predicted value – extent to which an observation or test result is able to predict the
presence of a given disease or condition
, Clinical course – evolution of a disease
Acute – relatively severe but self
limiting Chronic – continuous, long
term process Subacute – intermediate
Preclinical stage – not clinically evident but is destined to progress to clinical disease
Subclinical stage – not clinically evident and is not destined to become clinically
apparent Clinical disease – signs and symptoms
Carrier status – a person who harbors an organism but is not infected
Epidemiology – study of disease within human populations
Incidence – number of new cases within a population at a given point in
time Prevalence – existing disease within a population at a given time
Morbidity – effects an illness has on a person’s life or lifestyle
Mortality – statistics regarding causes of death in a given population
_________________________________________________________________________
Ch 5 – Cellular, Adaptation, Injury, and Death
Review Ch 4 for normal cell and tissue structure and function
CELLULAR ADAPTATIONS
When confronted with stress, a cell will undergo adaptive changes
Reversible, no damage or impaired function
Irreversible, allows survival but function is
impaired Irreversible, cell dies
Changes to size, number or shape, intracellular accumulations, pathologic calcifications
Changes to cell size, number or shape
Atrophy – reduction in cell size due to decreased workload or adverse environmental
conditions o Disuse
o Denervation
o Loss of endocrine stimulation
