VBS 2032
Exam 3
Notes/Review
Immune system: Innate & Adaptive responses, inflammatory response
Innate Immunity
-First line defenses; skin + mucous membranes. Always present, antimicrobial properties
Epithelial cells grow layered and compact outer layer= dead, keratin filled tough cells,
waterproof
Epithelial layer specialized Goblet cells make mucous (sticky + antimicrobial factors)
Pathway of 1st line defenses:
-Face; antimicrobial factors in saliva (lysozyme, peroxidase, lactoferrin)***, tears
(lysozyme), nose (remove/filter inhaled particles)
-Skin; physical barrier, salty residue, fatty acids, normal microbiota,
-Throat; mucus, cilia
-Digestive tract; Stomach (acid low pH), normal microbiota (using up nutrients, take up
space preventing attachment, secrete antimicrobial factors), Peristalsis (shedding cells),
intestine (rapid pH change from stomach)
-Urinary tract; normal microbiota (vaginal system), waste flushing, acidic urine (low pH)
*** Lysozyme: enzyme, catalyzes cell wall destruction through peptidoglycan hydrolysis of
certain gram-positive bacteria
Peroxidase: breaks down hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 toxin byproduct from use of
oxygen during cell respiration)
Lactoferrin: glycoprotein, found in {milk, saliva, tears, mucus, bile},
immunostimulant, antimicrobial, bind to LPS of bacterial cell
wall inducing cell lysis, binds to iron to prevent bacteria
usage/growth (iron= limiting factor)
-Lungs; mucociliary escalator= lines most of respiratory tract,, mucus traps microbes,
ciliated cells move microbes out, trachea covered in mucus + cilia to
constantly bring up mucus+bacteria out of respiratory tract mouth enzymes
can breakdown and destroy bacteria.
Lungs contain macrophages to engulf particles and microbials that make it into
lungs
________________________________________
-`-Microbes breach First line defenses Innate immune system sensors detect foreign
microbes/invading cells; Complement sensors, PRRs
PRRs: pattern recognition receptors bound to immune cells surfaces, recognize patterns
of foreign cells & damaged cells induce response reaction
Found on cell surfaces, in phagosomes and endosomes, and in cytoplasm
Recognize MAMPs (microbe associated molecular patterns) and DAMPs (damage
associated..) TLRs (toll-like PRRs) recognize MAMPs, NLRs (nod-like PRRs) recognize DAMPs?
```MAMPs: molecules unique to pathogens, ex; LPS (outer membrane
lipopolysaccharide), lipoprotein, flagella (protein
composing=flagellan)
, Effectors: proteins & processes of the immune system
Phagocytes/Phagocytosis, Complement sensors/activation, inflammatory response, fever, IFN
-How do cells communicate?
Cytokines soluble molecules received by cells that induce changes in gene expression,
cause cell to transcribe and translate new genes
Cells & Components of the Immune System
-Hematopoiesis: process beginning in bone marrow, development of hematopoietic progenitor
stem cells (constantly renewing), differentiate into common myeloid progenitors and common
lymphoid progenitors (~#~)
~#~Myeloid final mature products: Red blood cells (erythrocytes), platelets
(thrombocytes), Mast cells, Granulocytes
(eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils), monocytes (dendritic
cells, macrophages) [[Innate Immunity Factors]]
[[Cells of Innate Immune System]]
Most common/numerous? Neutrophils
Phagocytes? Neutrophils, Monocytes, Macrophages
Macrophages /&/ Monocytes: reside in tissues,
begin as monocytes and circulate in blood as monocytes, move into tissues and
become macrophages, have
different levels of activation. Contain
surface TLRs/NLRs (PRRs) that bind to
microbes/damaged tissue.
Neutrophils: circulate in blood, 1st phagocytes
recruited to infection site, Phagocytosis*
Pus= accumulation of dead neutrophils
Allergic Rxns? Eosinophils, basophils
Located in tissues? Dendritic cells, macrophages, mast cells
Destroy eukaryotic parasites?
See {-Cells too big to engulf?}*
-*Phagocytosis: process by which phagocytotic cells ingest/engulf foreign substances and digest
them as an immune defense
1-Chemotaxis (phagocytes migrate from blood to site of injury), 2-recognition
and attachment, 3-engulfment (opsonins…), 4-phagosome maturation &
phagolysosome formation (lysosome ((from Golgi apparatus)); degradative
hydrolytic enzymes packets contain nucleases, proteases,, produce ROIs can
induce respiratory burst), 5-destruction and digestion, 6-exocytosis
-Opsonins: coat microbes to make phagocyte attachment easier
(PROMOTE ATTACHMENT), ex; C3b, antibodies.
-How do pathogens avoid phagocytosis?
~Produce C3a/C5a peptidases enzymes chew up molecules used for
chemotaxis
~Microbe Capsule interfere w/ attachment and engulfment
Exam 3
Notes/Review
Immune system: Innate & Adaptive responses, inflammatory response
Innate Immunity
-First line defenses; skin + mucous membranes. Always present, antimicrobial properties
Epithelial cells grow layered and compact outer layer= dead, keratin filled tough cells,
waterproof
Epithelial layer specialized Goblet cells make mucous (sticky + antimicrobial factors)
Pathway of 1st line defenses:
-Face; antimicrobial factors in saliva (lysozyme, peroxidase, lactoferrin)***, tears
(lysozyme), nose (remove/filter inhaled particles)
-Skin; physical barrier, salty residue, fatty acids, normal microbiota,
-Throat; mucus, cilia
-Digestive tract; Stomach (acid low pH), normal microbiota (using up nutrients, take up
space preventing attachment, secrete antimicrobial factors), Peristalsis (shedding cells),
intestine (rapid pH change from stomach)
-Urinary tract; normal microbiota (vaginal system), waste flushing, acidic urine (low pH)
*** Lysozyme: enzyme, catalyzes cell wall destruction through peptidoglycan hydrolysis of
certain gram-positive bacteria
Peroxidase: breaks down hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 toxin byproduct from use of
oxygen during cell respiration)
Lactoferrin: glycoprotein, found in {milk, saliva, tears, mucus, bile},
immunostimulant, antimicrobial, bind to LPS of bacterial cell
wall inducing cell lysis, binds to iron to prevent bacteria
usage/growth (iron= limiting factor)
-Lungs; mucociliary escalator= lines most of respiratory tract,, mucus traps microbes,
ciliated cells move microbes out, trachea covered in mucus + cilia to
constantly bring up mucus+bacteria out of respiratory tract mouth enzymes
can breakdown and destroy bacteria.
Lungs contain macrophages to engulf particles and microbials that make it into
lungs
________________________________________
-`-Microbes breach First line defenses Innate immune system sensors detect foreign
microbes/invading cells; Complement sensors, PRRs
PRRs: pattern recognition receptors bound to immune cells surfaces, recognize patterns
of foreign cells & damaged cells induce response reaction
Found on cell surfaces, in phagosomes and endosomes, and in cytoplasm
Recognize MAMPs (microbe associated molecular patterns) and DAMPs (damage
associated..) TLRs (toll-like PRRs) recognize MAMPs, NLRs (nod-like PRRs) recognize DAMPs?
```MAMPs: molecules unique to pathogens, ex; LPS (outer membrane
lipopolysaccharide), lipoprotein, flagella (protein
composing=flagellan)
, Effectors: proteins & processes of the immune system
Phagocytes/Phagocytosis, Complement sensors/activation, inflammatory response, fever, IFN
-How do cells communicate?
Cytokines soluble molecules received by cells that induce changes in gene expression,
cause cell to transcribe and translate new genes
Cells & Components of the Immune System
-Hematopoiesis: process beginning in bone marrow, development of hematopoietic progenitor
stem cells (constantly renewing), differentiate into common myeloid progenitors and common
lymphoid progenitors (~#~)
~#~Myeloid final mature products: Red blood cells (erythrocytes), platelets
(thrombocytes), Mast cells, Granulocytes
(eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils), monocytes (dendritic
cells, macrophages) [[Innate Immunity Factors]]
[[Cells of Innate Immune System]]
Most common/numerous? Neutrophils
Phagocytes? Neutrophils, Monocytes, Macrophages
Macrophages /&/ Monocytes: reside in tissues,
begin as monocytes and circulate in blood as monocytes, move into tissues and
become macrophages, have
different levels of activation. Contain
surface TLRs/NLRs (PRRs) that bind to
microbes/damaged tissue.
Neutrophils: circulate in blood, 1st phagocytes
recruited to infection site, Phagocytosis*
Pus= accumulation of dead neutrophils
Allergic Rxns? Eosinophils, basophils
Located in tissues? Dendritic cells, macrophages, mast cells
Destroy eukaryotic parasites?
See {-Cells too big to engulf?}*
-*Phagocytosis: process by which phagocytotic cells ingest/engulf foreign substances and digest
them as an immune defense
1-Chemotaxis (phagocytes migrate from blood to site of injury), 2-recognition
and attachment, 3-engulfment (opsonins…), 4-phagosome maturation &
phagolysosome formation (lysosome ((from Golgi apparatus)); degradative
hydrolytic enzymes packets contain nucleases, proteases,, produce ROIs can
induce respiratory burst), 5-destruction and digestion, 6-exocytosis
-Opsonins: coat microbes to make phagocyte attachment easier
(PROMOTE ATTACHMENT), ex; C3b, antibodies.
-How do pathogens avoid phagocytosis?
~Produce C3a/C5a peptidases enzymes chew up molecules used for
chemotaxis
~Microbe Capsule interfere w/ attachment and engulfment
