,QUESTION 1
1.1)
KINGDOM OF PROTISTA
All protists have true nuclei and are therefore eukaryotic. They are not an animal, plant or
fungus. Reproduction is mostly asexual and occurs by binary fission, whereas single cell divides
into two cells with identical genetic material. However, some algae do reproduce sexually.
Protists live in mostly any environment where water occurs as most protists are aquatic. They
are organisms such as seaweeds, diatoms and amoebas.
KINGDOM OF PLANTAE
The kingdom plantae are divided into four groups or divisions which are Bryophytes (mosses,
liverworts and hornworts), Pteridophytes (ferns), Gymnosperms (conifers, cycads, gentiles and
ginkgo) and Angiosperms (flowering plants). Plants are autotrophic, multicellular, terrestrial
eukaryotes that obtain energy through photosynthesis. Over time, plants have adapted which
allows them to thrive in the terrestrial world. They are non-motile, and they normally
reproduce sexually.
KINGDOM OF FUNGI
All fungi have true cell walls consisting of chitin. Yeasts are unicellular, while mushrooms and
moulds are multicellular. All fungi consist of a mass of branched filaments or hyphae. Fungi
have no chlorophyll and are therefore heterotrophic. Most fungi are saprophytes and live off
dead organic plant and animal matter, examples: bread mould and mushrooms.
KINGDOM OF ANIMALIA
The kingdom of animalia can be divided into two main groups which are Invertebrates (animals
without a vertebral column) and Vertebrates (animals with a vertebral column). Animals are
multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes that obtain nutrients by eating other organisms. Most
reproduce sexually and are diploid during most of their life cycle. The gametes (also called sex
cells, examples are sperm and egg) are the haploid stage of the life cycle. The kingdom of
animalia have body plans of different phyla which are: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes,
Annelida, Arthropoda, and Chordata.
1.2
BACTERIA
Bacteria are the smallest and simplest living organisms. Bacteria is classified under the kingdom
of Monera. Some bacteria live in the presence of oxygen and are known as aerobic bacteria.
Some bacteria are pathogenic and causes diseases such as cholera and tuberculosis. Bacteria
, are unicellular and occur as single cells, filaments or colonies. The bacterium cell is surrounded
by a cell wall that consist of polysaccharides (carbohydrates), protein and lipids. In some
bacteria (especially hose that cause diseases), the cell is surrounded by a slime layer or capsule,
which protects the bacterial cell from desiccation and enemies (example: immune cells). A
plasma membrane (cell membrane), which encloses the cytoplasm occurs direct below the cell
wall. The cytoplasm has no membrane-bound organelles, such as vacuoles, plastids,
mitochondria, but ribosomes do occur. A true nucleus (membrane-bound) is absent and are
therefore prokaryotic. Some bacteria move in liquid by means of long, thread-like structures,
called flagella.
ARCHAEA
Archaea, (domain Archaea), any of a group of single-celled prokaryotic organisms (that is,
organisms whose cells lack a defined nucleus) that have distinct molecular characteristics
separating them from bacteria (the other, more prominent group of prokaryotes) as well as
from eukaryotes (organisms, including plants and animals, whose cell contain a defined
nucleus). The archaea are further divided into multiple recognized phyla. The classification is
difficult because the majority has not been isolated in the laboratory and have only been
detected by analysis of their nucleic acids in samples from their environment. They use
numerous sources of energy and display a diverse group of chemical reactions in metabolism.
Based on their reactions, they are categorized into nutritional groups. That is either dependent
on carbon sources or energy. Some group of archaea uses sunlight as a source of energy. They
are termed as phototrophs. But any of these organisms do not possess oxygen generating
photosynthesis. The other forms of archaea use inorganic compounds as a source of energy,
namely ammonia or Sulphur. They are a distinct domain of prokaryotic organisms. Like bacteria
size and simplicity but different in molecular organization. Some archaea are extremophiles
that thrive in harsh, salty, or very hot environments. Others are chemoautotrophs that make
food using chemical energy from molecules such as hydrogen sulfide.
QUESTION 2
2.1
Vascular plants are also known as tracheophytes, which means “tube plants”. These plants have
a vascular tissue. The vascular tissue transport water, minerals and sugar to different parts of
the plant. Vascular tissue is made of two specialized conducting tissues namely the xylem and
phloem. Xylem tissue transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to different parts
of the plant, which is the stem and leaves. Phloem tissue transports food (sugar dissolved in
water) from photosynthetic cells to other parts of the plant for growth and storage.
Non-vascular plants are plants that lack the vascular tissue which is called bryophytes (mosses).
Vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) is absent. The plant body is known as a thallus because it
does not have true roots, stem and leaves. Instead, it has leaf-like structure, stem-like structure
1.1)
KINGDOM OF PROTISTA
All protists have true nuclei and are therefore eukaryotic. They are not an animal, plant or
fungus. Reproduction is mostly asexual and occurs by binary fission, whereas single cell divides
into two cells with identical genetic material. However, some algae do reproduce sexually.
Protists live in mostly any environment where water occurs as most protists are aquatic. They
are organisms such as seaweeds, diatoms and amoebas.
KINGDOM OF PLANTAE
The kingdom plantae are divided into four groups or divisions which are Bryophytes (mosses,
liverworts and hornworts), Pteridophytes (ferns), Gymnosperms (conifers, cycads, gentiles and
ginkgo) and Angiosperms (flowering plants). Plants are autotrophic, multicellular, terrestrial
eukaryotes that obtain energy through photosynthesis. Over time, plants have adapted which
allows them to thrive in the terrestrial world. They are non-motile, and they normally
reproduce sexually.
KINGDOM OF FUNGI
All fungi have true cell walls consisting of chitin. Yeasts are unicellular, while mushrooms and
moulds are multicellular. All fungi consist of a mass of branched filaments or hyphae. Fungi
have no chlorophyll and are therefore heterotrophic. Most fungi are saprophytes and live off
dead organic plant and animal matter, examples: bread mould and mushrooms.
KINGDOM OF ANIMALIA
The kingdom of animalia can be divided into two main groups which are Invertebrates (animals
without a vertebral column) and Vertebrates (animals with a vertebral column). Animals are
multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes that obtain nutrients by eating other organisms. Most
reproduce sexually and are diploid during most of their life cycle. The gametes (also called sex
cells, examples are sperm and egg) are the haploid stage of the life cycle. The kingdom of
animalia have body plans of different phyla which are: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes,
Annelida, Arthropoda, and Chordata.
1.2
BACTERIA
Bacteria are the smallest and simplest living organisms. Bacteria is classified under the kingdom
of Monera. Some bacteria live in the presence of oxygen and are known as aerobic bacteria.
Some bacteria are pathogenic and causes diseases such as cholera and tuberculosis. Bacteria
, are unicellular and occur as single cells, filaments or colonies. The bacterium cell is surrounded
by a cell wall that consist of polysaccharides (carbohydrates), protein and lipids. In some
bacteria (especially hose that cause diseases), the cell is surrounded by a slime layer or capsule,
which protects the bacterial cell from desiccation and enemies (example: immune cells). A
plasma membrane (cell membrane), which encloses the cytoplasm occurs direct below the cell
wall. The cytoplasm has no membrane-bound organelles, such as vacuoles, plastids,
mitochondria, but ribosomes do occur. A true nucleus (membrane-bound) is absent and are
therefore prokaryotic. Some bacteria move in liquid by means of long, thread-like structures,
called flagella.
ARCHAEA
Archaea, (domain Archaea), any of a group of single-celled prokaryotic organisms (that is,
organisms whose cells lack a defined nucleus) that have distinct molecular characteristics
separating them from bacteria (the other, more prominent group of prokaryotes) as well as
from eukaryotes (organisms, including plants and animals, whose cell contain a defined
nucleus). The archaea are further divided into multiple recognized phyla. The classification is
difficult because the majority has not been isolated in the laboratory and have only been
detected by analysis of their nucleic acids in samples from their environment. They use
numerous sources of energy and display a diverse group of chemical reactions in metabolism.
Based on their reactions, they are categorized into nutritional groups. That is either dependent
on carbon sources or energy. Some group of archaea uses sunlight as a source of energy. They
are termed as phototrophs. But any of these organisms do not possess oxygen generating
photosynthesis. The other forms of archaea use inorganic compounds as a source of energy,
namely ammonia or Sulphur. They are a distinct domain of prokaryotic organisms. Like bacteria
size and simplicity but different in molecular organization. Some archaea are extremophiles
that thrive in harsh, salty, or very hot environments. Others are chemoautotrophs that make
food using chemical energy from molecules such as hydrogen sulfide.
QUESTION 2
2.1
Vascular plants are also known as tracheophytes, which means “tube plants”. These plants have
a vascular tissue. The vascular tissue transport water, minerals and sugar to different parts of
the plant. Vascular tissue is made of two specialized conducting tissues namely the xylem and
phloem. Xylem tissue transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to different parts
of the plant, which is the stem and leaves. Phloem tissue transports food (sugar dissolved in
water) from photosynthetic cells to other parts of the plant for growth and storage.
Non-vascular plants are plants that lack the vascular tissue which is called bryophytes (mosses).
Vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) is absent. The plant body is known as a thallus because it
does not have true roots, stem and leaves. Instead, it has leaf-like structure, stem-like structure
