BIO 212 – Exam 2
Bio 212 Course Notes – Exam 2
Maria Ten Brink
Ch 39-40 – Fluid, Electrolyte & Acid-Base Disorders—5/30—2nd most
important!
Ch 9 – Stress Adaptations—5/30
Ch 26-28 – Blood Disorders—
6/4 Ch 15 – Immune Disorders—
6/6
Ch 39-40 – Fluid, Electrolyte & Acid-Base Disorders
• ADH, aldosterone, parathyroid hormone—regulated calcium levels
• Anything to do with sodium potassium calcium
•
Intracellular fluid – fluid contains within a cell membrane (ICF)
•
Extracellular fluid – fluid outside of cell membranes (ECF)
• Tissue fluid, interstitial fluid.
• 2/3rd is Inside cell
• 1/3rd is outside cell
• Where is the water?
• Transcellular fluid is fluid that is moving. 1 L
• Gradients. Movement of fluid. Very important!
• Aquaporins… without them we are Still permeable to fluid
• Water is always moving in or out. Consistently moving.
• Albumens are made by the liver!
o Water magnets!
o Outward push with … , inward pull with osmosis.
Edema – expansion of interstitial fluid volume
• Too much fluid …
• Always a complication of a disease process
• Terminology
o Pitting edema – interstitial fluid exceeds absorptive capacity of the tissue gel
o Nonpitting edema – plasma proteins have accumulated in the tissue spaces
and coagulated
o Effusion – movement of fluid out of blood vessels into the body cavities
o Anasarca – generalized body edema
, BIO 212 – Exam 2
▪ Ex. Right sided heart failure
o Third space accumulation – ECF trapped in the transcellular spaces
▪
o Ascites (hydroperitoneum) – excessive fluid in the peritoneal cavity
▪ Ex. Liver failure—in abdominal cavity
, BIO 212 – Exam 2
• Really beginning to fail…
o Transudate – non-inflammatory edema that results from altered hydrostatic
or osmotic pressure of the blood
▪ Contains less protein and cells than exudate
• Causes fall into 4 general categories (arteriole = out)
o Increased capillary filtration pressure (increase in hydrostatic pressure)
▪ Increased arterial pressure
• Ex: hypertension
▪ Decreased venous pressure
• Ex: portal vein distention
▪ Increased blood volume
• Ex: heart failure
o Decreased capillary colloidal osmotic pressure
▪ Inadequate plasma protein production
• Ex: liver disease causing a lack of function. Not enough albumens
▪ Abnormal loss of plasma proteins or amino acids
• Ex:
o Increased capillary permeability
▪ Ex:
o Obstruction of lymph flow
▪ Ex:
• Treatment
o Control or correct underlying cause
o Prevent tissue injury
o Diuretics – if ECF is increased
o Elevation of feet/compression stockings if lower extremities are involved
▪ Socks for nurses! :)
o Intravenous albumin
o Light pressure massage
o Compression pumps
o Movement exercises
Disorders of Thirst
Hypodipsia – decreased ability to sense thirst
• Hypothalamic lesions
o Lesions in your hypothalamus
o Sense of thirst regulated by hypothalamus
, BIO 212 – Exam 2
• Elderly
Polydipsia – excessive thirst
• True thirst with symptoms
Bio 212 Course Notes – Exam 2
Maria Ten Brink
Ch 39-40 – Fluid, Electrolyte & Acid-Base Disorders—5/30—2nd most
important!
Ch 9 – Stress Adaptations—5/30
Ch 26-28 – Blood Disorders—
6/4 Ch 15 – Immune Disorders—
6/6
Ch 39-40 – Fluid, Electrolyte & Acid-Base Disorders
• ADH, aldosterone, parathyroid hormone—regulated calcium levels
• Anything to do with sodium potassium calcium
•
Intracellular fluid – fluid contains within a cell membrane (ICF)
•
Extracellular fluid – fluid outside of cell membranes (ECF)
• Tissue fluid, interstitial fluid.
• 2/3rd is Inside cell
• 1/3rd is outside cell
• Where is the water?
• Transcellular fluid is fluid that is moving. 1 L
• Gradients. Movement of fluid. Very important!
• Aquaporins… without them we are Still permeable to fluid
• Water is always moving in or out. Consistently moving.
• Albumens are made by the liver!
o Water magnets!
o Outward push with … , inward pull with osmosis.
Edema – expansion of interstitial fluid volume
• Too much fluid …
• Always a complication of a disease process
• Terminology
o Pitting edema – interstitial fluid exceeds absorptive capacity of the tissue gel
o Nonpitting edema – plasma proteins have accumulated in the tissue spaces
and coagulated
o Effusion – movement of fluid out of blood vessels into the body cavities
o Anasarca – generalized body edema
, BIO 212 – Exam 2
▪ Ex. Right sided heart failure
o Third space accumulation – ECF trapped in the transcellular spaces
▪
o Ascites (hydroperitoneum) – excessive fluid in the peritoneal cavity
▪ Ex. Liver failure—in abdominal cavity
, BIO 212 – Exam 2
• Really beginning to fail…
o Transudate – non-inflammatory edema that results from altered hydrostatic
or osmotic pressure of the blood
▪ Contains less protein and cells than exudate
• Causes fall into 4 general categories (arteriole = out)
o Increased capillary filtration pressure (increase in hydrostatic pressure)
▪ Increased arterial pressure
• Ex: hypertension
▪ Decreased venous pressure
• Ex: portal vein distention
▪ Increased blood volume
• Ex: heart failure
o Decreased capillary colloidal osmotic pressure
▪ Inadequate plasma protein production
• Ex: liver disease causing a lack of function. Not enough albumens
▪ Abnormal loss of plasma proteins or amino acids
• Ex:
o Increased capillary permeability
▪ Ex:
o Obstruction of lymph flow
▪ Ex:
• Treatment
o Control or correct underlying cause
o Prevent tissue injury
o Diuretics – if ECF is increased
o Elevation of feet/compression stockings if lower extremities are involved
▪ Socks for nurses! :)
o Intravenous albumin
o Light pressure massage
o Compression pumps
o Movement exercises
Disorders of Thirst
Hypodipsia – decreased ability to sense thirst
• Hypothalamic lesions
o Lesions in your hypothalamus
o Sense of thirst regulated by hypothalamus
, BIO 212 – Exam 2
• Elderly
Polydipsia – excessive thirst
• True thirst with symptoms
