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Integrated Cardiopulmonary Pharmacology, Fifth Edition
Chapter 1: General Pharmacologic Principles
Answers to “Time for Review” Questions
1. Page 6
Describe the process a new drug must undergo for approval. Several ethical, moral, and legal
issues are implied in the preceding section on drug development. Can you expand upon them?
Can you think of others?
After a potential medication is tested on animals, it must undergo at least three and possibly
four phases of human testing:
1) Testing on healthy volunteers
2) Testing on people with the disease the drug is expected to help
3) Large multicenter trials
4) Postmarketing surveillance.
2. Page 10
What is the difference between a generic name and a brand name? What is the difference
between an indication and a contraindication?
A generic name is assigned by the United States Adopted Name (USAN) Council and is not
owned by any company. A brand or trade name is a name registered with a pharmaceutical
TESmarketing
company that is producing and TBANKthe SEL LER
drug. .COM are clinical reasons to use certain
Indications
drugs, and contraindications are situations in which the drugs should not be used.
3. Page 14
What is the difference between an allergy and an ADR?
An allergy is one of many types of ADRs.
4. Page 20
If you were in pain, would you rather have a morphine tablet or solution? Why?
I would rather have the morphine solution because the solution is already dissolved and thus
would work faster than a tablet.
5. Page 23
Why would patients with kidney disease or decreased kidney function, such as the elderly, be
prescribed lower doses of a medication?
Impaired renal functions can prolong the effects of medications because the kidneys are not as
effective in eliminating the drug from the body.
6. Page 32
Can you describe the six “rights” of medication administration?
1) Right drug––Make sure it is the prescribed drug, and inform the patient.
2) Right dose––Double-check if it is a calculated dose.
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Integrated Cardiopulmonary Pharmacology, Fifth Edition
3) Right patient––Always check wrist tag. Confused patients may answer to someone else’s
name or be in the wrong bed.
4) Right time––Check and follow the prescribed schedule.
5) Right route––Check and follow the order. The wrong route can influence the speed of onset
and duration of a drug’s effect.
6) Proper documentation
Answers to Review Questions
1. (c) The fact that it is capitalized confirms that it is a trade name.
2. (c) Pharmacokinetics involves all these processes that happen with a drug when it is
administered.
3. (e) All these factors could explain the confusion.
4. (d) Protein binding, fat, and water solubility all affect how a drug will be distributed within the
body.
5. 1–b
2–c
3–e
4–d
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5–a
6. The half-life (T1/2) is the amount of time it takes for the concentration of a drug to decrease by
half once administered within the body. Half-life is used to determine when a drug has reached
its steady state and maximum concentration in the body.
7. a. Home care patient with severe nausea––Rectal
b. Rapid onset needed in emergency––IV
c. Patient is NPO––Rectal, IV, or IM
d. Chronic respiratory inflammatory disease that requires corticosteroids that have many
systemic effects––Inhalation
e. Executive smoker trying to quit and needs nicotine replacement––Transdermal
8. pH is one factor that influences the bioavailability of a drug. Most drugs are weak acids or bases,
and their ionization depends on pH. Drugs in the non-ionized form are absorbed through
membranes, whereas ionized drugs are not. pH is different in the various parts of the
gastrointestinal tract, and drugs that are more in the non-ionized form in low pHs, such as
aspirin, are better absorbed in the more acidic stomach.
9. Agonists have affinity for a receptor and cause a response. Antagonists have affinity but do not
activate the receptor and can thus block agonists.
10. Phase 1––Healthy human volunteers
Phase 2––People with the disease for whom the drug is expected to work
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Integrated Cardiopulmonary Pharmacology, Fifth Edition
Phase 3––Large multicenter trials
Phase 4––Postmarketing surveillance
11. Additive means combining two active drugs to have an effect equal to the total of the two
individual drugs—mathematically: 1 + 1 = 2. Synergism means giving two active drugs together
that have an effect greater than their sum effects—mathematically: 1 + 1 = 3. With potentiation,
one drug is active and the other has no effect, but when given with the active drug, the other
drug increases the effect of the active drug more than expected—mathematically: 1 + 0 = 3.
12. A drug allergy induces a hypersensitive reaction and is just one example of an ADR. Other
examples of ADRs are headaches, tremors, and palpitations.
TESTBANKSELLER.COM
TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER
Integrated Cardiopulmonary
Pharmacology 5th Edition Colbert Test
Bank
Test Bank Directly From The publisher, 100% Verified Answers.
COVERS ALL CHAPTERS.
Download Immediately After the Order.
, TESTBANKSELLER.COM
www.nursylab.com
Integrated Cardiopulmonary Pharmacology, Fifth Edition
Chapter 1: General Pharmacologic Principles
Answers to “Time for Review” Questions
1. Page 6
Describe the process a new drug must undergo for approval. Several ethical, moral, and legal
issues are implied in the preceding section on drug development. Can you expand upon them?
Can you think of others?
After a potential medication is tested on animals, it must undergo at least three and possibly
four phases of human testing:
1) Testing on healthy volunteers
2) Testing on people with the disease the drug is expected to help
3) Large multicenter trials
4) Postmarketing surveillance.
2. Page 10
What is the difference between a generic name and a brand name? What is the difference
between an indication and a contraindication?
A generic name is assigned by the United States Adopted Name (USAN) Council and is not
owned by any company. A brand or trade name is a name registered with a pharmaceutical
TESmarketing
company that is producing and TBANKthe SEL LER
drug. .COM are clinical reasons to use certain
Indications
drugs, and contraindications are situations in which the drugs should not be used.
3. Page 14
What is the difference between an allergy and an ADR?
An allergy is one of many types of ADRs.
4. Page 20
If you were in pain, would you rather have a morphine tablet or solution? Why?
I would rather have the morphine solution because the solution is already dissolved and thus
would work faster than a tablet.
5. Page 23
Why would patients with kidney disease or decreased kidney function, such as the elderly, be
prescribed lower doses of a medication?
Impaired renal functions can prolong the effects of medications because the kidneys are not as
effective in eliminating the drug from the body.
6. Page 32
Can you describe the six “rights” of medication administration?
1) Right drug––Make sure it is the prescribed drug, and inform the patient.
2) Right dose––Double-check if it is a calculated dose.
TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER
, TESTBANKSELLER.COM
www.nursylab.com
Integrated Cardiopulmonary Pharmacology, Fifth Edition
3) Right patient––Always check wrist tag. Confused patients may answer to someone else’s
name or be in the wrong bed.
4) Right time––Check and follow the prescribed schedule.
5) Right route––Check and follow the order. The wrong route can influence the speed of onset
and duration of a drug’s effect.
6) Proper documentation
Answers to Review Questions
1. (c) The fact that it is capitalized confirms that it is a trade name.
2. (c) Pharmacokinetics involves all these processes that happen with a drug when it is
administered.
3. (e) All these factors could explain the confusion.
4. (d) Protein binding, fat, and water solubility all affect how a drug will be distributed within the
body.
5. 1–b
2–c
3–e
4–d
TESTBANKSELLER.COM
5–a
6. The half-life (T1/2) is the amount of time it takes for the concentration of a drug to decrease by
half once administered within the body. Half-life is used to determine when a drug has reached
its steady state and maximum concentration in the body.
7. a. Home care patient with severe nausea––Rectal
b. Rapid onset needed in emergency––IV
c. Patient is NPO––Rectal, IV, or IM
d. Chronic respiratory inflammatory disease that requires corticosteroids that have many
systemic effects––Inhalation
e. Executive smoker trying to quit and needs nicotine replacement––Transdermal
8. pH is one factor that influences the bioavailability of a drug. Most drugs are weak acids or bases,
and their ionization depends on pH. Drugs in the non-ionized form are absorbed through
membranes, whereas ionized drugs are not. pH is different in the various parts of the
gastrointestinal tract, and drugs that are more in the non-ionized form in low pHs, such as
aspirin, are better absorbed in the more acidic stomach.
9. Agonists have affinity for a receptor and cause a response. Antagonists have affinity but do not
activate the receptor and can thus block agonists.
10. Phase 1––Healthy human volunteers
Phase 2––People with the disease for whom the drug is expected to work
TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER
, TESTBANKSELLER.COM
www.nursylab.com
Integrated Cardiopulmonary Pharmacology, Fifth Edition
Phase 3––Large multicenter trials
Phase 4––Postmarketing surveillance
11. Additive means combining two active drugs to have an effect equal to the total of the two
individual drugs—mathematically: 1 + 1 = 2. Synergism means giving two active drugs together
that have an effect greater than their sum effects—mathematically: 1 + 1 = 3. With potentiation,
one drug is active and the other has no effect, but when given with the active drug, the other
drug increases the effect of the active drug more than expected—mathematically: 1 + 0 = 3.
12. A drug allergy induces a hypersensitive reaction and is just one example of an ADR. Other
examples of ADRs are headaches, tremors, and palpitations.
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