Exam (elaborations) NR 506 LEIK Exam Tips (NR506) (NR506) NR 506
LEIK Exam Tips (ALL COVERED)
LEIK EXAM TIPS
Health Screening and Health Promotion
US Health Statistics/Mortality Statistics
Leading cause of death (all ages/genders):
1. Heart disease (or diseases of the heart)
2. Cancer (or malignant neoplasms)
3. Chronic lower respiratory diseases (i.e., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD])
Leading Cause of Cancer Death
1. Lung Cancer for both men and woman
2. Men – prostate & Woman- Breast
3. Colorectal Cancer for both men and woman
Leading Cause of Death in Adolescents (^ in males than females)
1. Accidents /Unintentional Injuries
2. Suicide
3. Homicide
Leading Cause of Death by Age Group
• Birth to 12 months:
• Congenital malformations (20.3%)
• Ages 1 to 44 years:
• Unintentional injuries
• Ages 45 to 64 years:
• Cancer (30.9%)
• Ages 65 and older:
• Heart disease (25.6%)
Average Life Expectancy: 78.8 years of
life
Cancer Statistics
Most Common Cancer: skin cancer
Most Common type of skin Cancer: Basal Cell Carcinoma and Melanoma causes the majority of
skin cancer related deaths.
Most Common Cancer by Gender
• Men – Prostate cancer (there are more cases of prostate cancer, however lung cancer
is still the highest mortality cancer associated to males).
• Females- Breast Cancer (there are more cases of breast cancer, however lung cancer is
still the highest mortality cancer associated to females).
Most Common Cancer among all children: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (34% of all cancers
in children).
, Exam (elaborations) NR 506 LEIK Exam Tips (NR506) (NR506) NR 506
LEIK Exam Tips (ALL COVERED)
Sensitivity vs. Specificity
• Sensitivity: is a good way of detecting those people who have the disease (i.e. true
positive).
• Specificity: is a good way of detecting those people without the disease (i.e. true
negative).
Top Three Cancers in Children
• Leukemia (34%)
• Brain and nervous system tumors (27%)
• Neuroblastoma (7%)
Health Promotion
Aspirin Use to prevent Cardiovascular Disease or Colorectal Cancer
• Begin at age 50-59 with =/> 10 % risk for cardiovascular disease (ASCVD score)
Breast Cancer
• Risk factors
o age 50 or greater,
o previous hx of breast CA,
o two or more first * relatives
o nulliparity, early menarche, late menopause (longer exposure to estrogen)
o Obesity (adipose cells can synthesize small amounts of estrogen)
• Baseline mammogram starts at 50 years of age
• Repeat every 2 years from ages 50-74 years of age
NOTE: Does NOT apply to those individuals with known genetic mutations (BRCA1 or 2),
familial breast cancer history, history of chest radiation at a young age or previously diagnosed
with high risk breast lesions, who may benefit from starting screenings at age 40. So, essentially
if at high risk start screenings at age 40-49.
Cervical Cancer
• Risk factors
o Multiple sexual partners
o Younger age onset of sex
o Immunosuppressed and/ or smoking individuals.
Age Group Recommendations for Pap/Liquid Cytology
Age 20 years or younger Do not screen (even if sexually active with multiple partne
Age 21 to 65 years Baseline at age 21 years. Screen every 3 years.
Age 30 to 65 years Another option starting at age 30 years is to screen with
combination of cytology
plus human papillomavirus (HPV) testing every 5 years.
Had hysterectomy with removal of cervix If hysterectomy with cervical removal was not due to cerv
neoplasia (CIN grade 2) or cervical cancer, then can stop s
, Exam (elaborations) NR 506 LEIK Exam Tips (NR506) (NR506) NR 506
LEIK Exam Tips (ALL COVERED)
Age Group Recommendations for Pap/Liquid Cytology
Women older than 65 years who had adequate prior screening Do not screen if history of adequate prior screening and is
otherwise not at high risk for cervical cancer.
Colorectal Cancer
• Risk factors
o Familial history of polyposis (multiple polyps on colon)
o 1st * relative with colon cancer
o Chron’s disease (ulcerative colitis)
• Start at age 50-74 years of age is routine screenings
• Age 76-85 years of age: against routine screening, but may have individual considerations for
screening.
• Screening Modalities for Colorectal Cancer
o High-sensitivity fecal occult blood test (gFOBT) for three consecutive stool
samples annually
o Flexible sigmoidoscopy or CT colonography every 5 years
o Colonoscopy every 10 years
Lipid Disorders
• Must be fasting for a minimum of 9 hours.
• 40-74 years of age
• Must have 1 or more risk factors i.e.- dyslipidemia, DM, HTN, and/ or smoking.
• ASCVD of 10 % or greater
Lung Cancer
• Screening for individuals who smoke 30 pack-years or have quit in the past 15 years.
• Age 55-80 years of life – low dose CT
Prostate Cancer
• Risk Factors
o 50 years or older
o African Ancestry
o 1st * relative with prostate cancer.
• Does not recommend PSA screening for prostate CA.
• The benefits do NOT outweigh the disadvantages.
Ovarian Cancer
• Very high-risk women with BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations: Refer to specialists. If ovarian
cancer screening is done, transvaginal ultrasound with serum cancer antigen (CA-125) is
ordered.
• Screening starts at age 30
• Some recommend BSO between age 35-40 years of life.
• Who is at high risk?
o Look for family history of having two or more first- to second-degree relatives with a
history of ovarian cancer or a combination of ovarian cancer; women of Ashkenazi
, Exam (elaborations) NR 506 LEIK Exam Tips (NR506) (NR506) NR 506
LEIK Exam Tips (ALL COVERED)
Jewish ethnicity with first-degree relative (or second-degree relatives on the same
side of the family) with breast or ovarian cancer.
Skin Cancer Counseling
• Should occur starting at age 10-24 with fair skin.
• Should avoid sunlight from 10am-to- 4 pm and use of 15 spf sunblock or
higher, protective clothing, wide brim hats.
No Routine Screening for the following
• Ovarian cancer
• Oral cancer
• Prostate cancer
• Testicular cancer
LEIK Exam Tips (ALL COVERED)
LEIK EXAM TIPS
Health Screening and Health Promotion
US Health Statistics/Mortality Statistics
Leading cause of death (all ages/genders):
1. Heart disease (or diseases of the heart)
2. Cancer (or malignant neoplasms)
3. Chronic lower respiratory diseases (i.e., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD])
Leading Cause of Cancer Death
1. Lung Cancer for both men and woman
2. Men – prostate & Woman- Breast
3. Colorectal Cancer for both men and woman
Leading Cause of Death in Adolescents (^ in males than females)
1. Accidents /Unintentional Injuries
2. Suicide
3. Homicide
Leading Cause of Death by Age Group
• Birth to 12 months:
• Congenital malformations (20.3%)
• Ages 1 to 44 years:
• Unintentional injuries
• Ages 45 to 64 years:
• Cancer (30.9%)
• Ages 65 and older:
• Heart disease (25.6%)
Average Life Expectancy: 78.8 years of
life
Cancer Statistics
Most Common Cancer: skin cancer
Most Common type of skin Cancer: Basal Cell Carcinoma and Melanoma causes the majority of
skin cancer related deaths.
Most Common Cancer by Gender
• Men – Prostate cancer (there are more cases of prostate cancer, however lung cancer
is still the highest mortality cancer associated to males).
• Females- Breast Cancer (there are more cases of breast cancer, however lung cancer is
still the highest mortality cancer associated to females).
Most Common Cancer among all children: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (34% of all cancers
in children).
, Exam (elaborations) NR 506 LEIK Exam Tips (NR506) (NR506) NR 506
LEIK Exam Tips (ALL COVERED)
Sensitivity vs. Specificity
• Sensitivity: is a good way of detecting those people who have the disease (i.e. true
positive).
• Specificity: is a good way of detecting those people without the disease (i.e. true
negative).
Top Three Cancers in Children
• Leukemia (34%)
• Brain and nervous system tumors (27%)
• Neuroblastoma (7%)
Health Promotion
Aspirin Use to prevent Cardiovascular Disease or Colorectal Cancer
• Begin at age 50-59 with =/> 10 % risk for cardiovascular disease (ASCVD score)
Breast Cancer
• Risk factors
o age 50 or greater,
o previous hx of breast CA,
o two or more first * relatives
o nulliparity, early menarche, late menopause (longer exposure to estrogen)
o Obesity (adipose cells can synthesize small amounts of estrogen)
• Baseline mammogram starts at 50 years of age
• Repeat every 2 years from ages 50-74 years of age
NOTE: Does NOT apply to those individuals with known genetic mutations (BRCA1 or 2),
familial breast cancer history, history of chest radiation at a young age or previously diagnosed
with high risk breast lesions, who may benefit from starting screenings at age 40. So, essentially
if at high risk start screenings at age 40-49.
Cervical Cancer
• Risk factors
o Multiple sexual partners
o Younger age onset of sex
o Immunosuppressed and/ or smoking individuals.
Age Group Recommendations for Pap/Liquid Cytology
Age 20 years or younger Do not screen (even if sexually active with multiple partne
Age 21 to 65 years Baseline at age 21 years. Screen every 3 years.
Age 30 to 65 years Another option starting at age 30 years is to screen with
combination of cytology
plus human papillomavirus (HPV) testing every 5 years.
Had hysterectomy with removal of cervix If hysterectomy with cervical removal was not due to cerv
neoplasia (CIN grade 2) or cervical cancer, then can stop s
, Exam (elaborations) NR 506 LEIK Exam Tips (NR506) (NR506) NR 506
LEIK Exam Tips (ALL COVERED)
Age Group Recommendations for Pap/Liquid Cytology
Women older than 65 years who had adequate prior screening Do not screen if history of adequate prior screening and is
otherwise not at high risk for cervical cancer.
Colorectal Cancer
• Risk factors
o Familial history of polyposis (multiple polyps on colon)
o 1st * relative with colon cancer
o Chron’s disease (ulcerative colitis)
• Start at age 50-74 years of age is routine screenings
• Age 76-85 years of age: against routine screening, but may have individual considerations for
screening.
• Screening Modalities for Colorectal Cancer
o High-sensitivity fecal occult blood test (gFOBT) for three consecutive stool
samples annually
o Flexible sigmoidoscopy or CT colonography every 5 years
o Colonoscopy every 10 years
Lipid Disorders
• Must be fasting for a minimum of 9 hours.
• 40-74 years of age
• Must have 1 or more risk factors i.e.- dyslipidemia, DM, HTN, and/ or smoking.
• ASCVD of 10 % or greater
Lung Cancer
• Screening for individuals who smoke 30 pack-years or have quit in the past 15 years.
• Age 55-80 years of life – low dose CT
Prostate Cancer
• Risk Factors
o 50 years or older
o African Ancestry
o 1st * relative with prostate cancer.
• Does not recommend PSA screening for prostate CA.
• The benefits do NOT outweigh the disadvantages.
Ovarian Cancer
• Very high-risk women with BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations: Refer to specialists. If ovarian
cancer screening is done, transvaginal ultrasound with serum cancer antigen (CA-125) is
ordered.
• Screening starts at age 30
• Some recommend BSO between age 35-40 years of life.
• Who is at high risk?
o Look for family history of having two or more first- to second-degree relatives with a
history of ovarian cancer or a combination of ovarian cancer; women of Ashkenazi
, Exam (elaborations) NR 506 LEIK Exam Tips (NR506) (NR506) NR 506
LEIK Exam Tips (ALL COVERED)
Jewish ethnicity with first-degree relative (or second-degree relatives on the same
side of the family) with breast or ovarian cancer.
Skin Cancer Counseling
• Should occur starting at age 10-24 with fair skin.
• Should avoid sunlight from 10am-to- 4 pm and use of 15 spf sunblock or
higher, protective clothing, wide brim hats.
No Routine Screening for the following
• Ovarian cancer
• Oral cancer
• Prostate cancer
• Testicular cancer
