Human Anatomy GNUR 155
Final Exam prep notes
Chapter 23: Lymphatic System
Lymphatic system consists of:
Lymph
Lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic tissues and organs
Lymph: Interstitial fluid, lymphocytes, and macrophages
it is fluid that has escaped circulation, entering structures, and has vessels so that it can
be dumped back into the venous circulation
Lymphatic vessels: pass through lymphatic tissues/ organs and deliver lymph to venous
circulation
Primary lymphatic structures: (where lymphocytes differentiate)
Thymus
Red bone marrow
-T cells -Bcells -NK cells
Secondary lymphatic structures: (where lymphocytes replicate)
Tonsils
Lymph nodes: axillary, lumbar, pelvic, inguinal
Spleen
Mucosa: associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
-considered to be the “ front line of defense”
-consist of lymphocytes and more B cells
-Function of secondary tissue: the maintenance of normal blood volume and chemical
composition of the interstitial fluid
-BP in the capillaries is bout 35 Hg
-pressure forces solutes and waste out of the plasma and into the interstitial fluid area
-Some interstitial fluid enters the lymphatic system
Functions of the lymphatic system:
-produce, maintain, and distribute lymphocytes
-maintain normal blood volume and the normal composition of the interstitial fluid
-provide an alternative route for the transport of hormones, nutrients (**some dietary lipids
are absorbed by the digestive tract and are carried to the blood stream via lymph vessels), and
waste
Structure of the lymphatic system:
Lymphatic capillaries: SMALL lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic ducts: LARGE lymphatic vessels
,Human Anatomy GNUR 155
Final Exam prep notes
Chapter 23: Lymphatic System
Features of lymphatic capillaries:
-lined with endothelial tissue
-don’t have a complete basement membrane (gaps) so that fluid can go from tissues directly
into capillaries of the lymph system
-they have ONE WAY VALVES
Features of large lymph vessels (ducts)
-pressure is lower than in veins
-valves are present
-skeletal muscles contract to help propel the lymph
-as we INHALE, thoracic pressure goes down which helps the lymph to be returned to
circulation
LYMPH capillaries vs: VACULAR capillaries:
Lymph have LARGER diameter
Lymph have THINNER walls
Lymph have and irregular outline/shape
Lymph have anchoring filaments that connect to the surrounding connective tissue in
order to keep the capillaries open
Lymph have GREATER PERMEABILITY in order for more fluid to enter the lymph system
LYMPH ducts vs: VASCULAR veins
Lymph have THINNER walls
Lymph have LARGER llumins
Lymph do not have easily identifiable tunicas
They BOTH have one way valves
Identifying large lymph in photos (Large vessels)
N:erve
A:rtery
V:ein
E:mpty space
L:ymphatic
There are 2 sets of lymphatic vessels: (both converge to form LYMPHATIC TRUNKS)
1. Superficial
-found in the subcutaneous layer
-found in mucous lining of the GI tract, respitory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
-found in the serous lining of the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities
2. Deep
-collect lymph from skeletal muscles and tissue of the neck, limbs, trunk and visceral
organs
,Human Anatomy GNUR 155
Final Exam prep notes
Chapter 23: Lymphatic System
5 major lymphatic trunks
1. Lumbar trunk
2. Intestinal trunks
3. Bronchiomediastinal trunks
4. Subclavian trunks
5. Jugular trunks
THORACIC DUCT:
-drains into the left subclavian vein (drains lymph inferior to the diaphragm)
DRAINS lymph from
*both sides of the body INFERIOR to the diaphragm (abdomen, BOTH legs)
*LEFT side of the body SUPERIOR to the diaphragm (Left arm, torso, neck, and head)
Cisterna chyli: storage area for lymph where trunks are converging at the base of the duct
***the thoracic duct begins at this sac-like structure
COLLECTS lymph from...
-L and R lumbar trunks -interstinal trunks -L subclavian trunk
-L. bronchomediastinal trunk -L.jugular trunk
Right lymphatic duct: drains into the RIGHT subclavian vein
DRAINS lymph from
*Right arm, right torso, right neck, and right head
COLLECTS lymph from:
*R. bronchiomadiastinal trunks
*R. subclavian trunk
*R. jugular trunk
LYMPHOCYTES: the primary cells of the lymphatic system
Respond to... -invading bacteria and viruses
-abnormal body cells (aka cancer)
-foreign proteins such as toxins released by some bacteria
Travel throughout the bloodstream:
*exit bloodstream to inter the interstitial spaces
*re- enter the blood stream/ circulation via lymphatic vessels
T CELLS: (Thymus dependent cells)
-origniate in bone marrow but travel to the thymus gland to become active via THYMOSIN
-once mature, they leave the thymus and migrate to red bone marrow, spleen, and other
lymphatic tissues
*necessary for cell-mediated immunity
TYPES:
Cytotoxic T cells: attack foreign cells/viruses
Helper T cells: stimulate T and B cells and enhance antibody production
Reugulating T cells: moferate immune response
Memory T cells: activated if the same antigen in the body appears at a later date
, Human Anatomy GNUR 155
Final Exam prep notes
Chapter 23: Lymphatic System
B Cells: (Bone marrow derived cells)
-originate and become immunocompetent (active) in the bone marrow
-once mature, B cells enter the blood and migrate to peripheral tissues
TYPES
Plasma cells: produce antibodies react with antigens
Memory B cells: become activated if the same antigen appears at a later date
NK Cells: (Natural Killer cells)
-attack foreign cells
-attack normal cells infected with viruses
-attack cancer cells
Lypmphocytes and the immune system:
cell mediated immunity: T cells directly attach to the pathogen
antibody mediated immunity: pathogen is attacked by anitibodies produced by B cells
Immune response to a bacterial antigen:
*macrophages will phagocytize the foreign substance
*macrophages will present the antigen to specific T cells “antigen presention”
*T cells begin to divide and produce cytotoxic T ceclls, helper T cells, and memory T cells
*cytotixic T cells kill the bacteria agent directly
*helper B cells begin producing antibodies against the bacterial antigens
*this antigen-antibody combination attracts an “army” of leukocytes
*these leukocytes kill the bacteria
Dist. and life span of lymph: T cells: B cells
-varies in different tissues and organs
-in the blood 8:1
-in the spleen 1:!
-in the bone marrow 1:3
Life span=4-20 years
Lymphocytopoesis (aka lymphopoesis) = lymphocyte production
-the pluropotential stem cells produce 2 sets of lymphatic stem cells, each with a different fate
one set:
o migrate to thymus gland
o upon exposure to thhymosin, the plymphocyte will mature to form T cells
o mature T cells reside in red bone marrow, spleen, and other lymph tissue
other set
o stay in the bone and differentiate to form B and NK cells
o B cells: produce antibodies
o NK cells: immune surveillance
o Both reside in peripheral tissues or circulate in the body
Final Exam prep notes
Chapter 23: Lymphatic System
Lymphatic system consists of:
Lymph
Lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic tissues and organs
Lymph: Interstitial fluid, lymphocytes, and macrophages
it is fluid that has escaped circulation, entering structures, and has vessels so that it can
be dumped back into the venous circulation
Lymphatic vessels: pass through lymphatic tissues/ organs and deliver lymph to venous
circulation
Primary lymphatic structures: (where lymphocytes differentiate)
Thymus
Red bone marrow
-T cells -Bcells -NK cells
Secondary lymphatic structures: (where lymphocytes replicate)
Tonsils
Lymph nodes: axillary, lumbar, pelvic, inguinal
Spleen
Mucosa: associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
-considered to be the “ front line of defense”
-consist of lymphocytes and more B cells
-Function of secondary tissue: the maintenance of normal blood volume and chemical
composition of the interstitial fluid
-BP in the capillaries is bout 35 Hg
-pressure forces solutes and waste out of the plasma and into the interstitial fluid area
-Some interstitial fluid enters the lymphatic system
Functions of the lymphatic system:
-produce, maintain, and distribute lymphocytes
-maintain normal blood volume and the normal composition of the interstitial fluid
-provide an alternative route for the transport of hormones, nutrients (**some dietary lipids
are absorbed by the digestive tract and are carried to the blood stream via lymph vessels), and
waste
Structure of the lymphatic system:
Lymphatic capillaries: SMALL lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic ducts: LARGE lymphatic vessels
,Human Anatomy GNUR 155
Final Exam prep notes
Chapter 23: Lymphatic System
Features of lymphatic capillaries:
-lined with endothelial tissue
-don’t have a complete basement membrane (gaps) so that fluid can go from tissues directly
into capillaries of the lymph system
-they have ONE WAY VALVES
Features of large lymph vessels (ducts)
-pressure is lower than in veins
-valves are present
-skeletal muscles contract to help propel the lymph
-as we INHALE, thoracic pressure goes down which helps the lymph to be returned to
circulation
LYMPH capillaries vs: VACULAR capillaries:
Lymph have LARGER diameter
Lymph have THINNER walls
Lymph have and irregular outline/shape
Lymph have anchoring filaments that connect to the surrounding connective tissue in
order to keep the capillaries open
Lymph have GREATER PERMEABILITY in order for more fluid to enter the lymph system
LYMPH ducts vs: VASCULAR veins
Lymph have THINNER walls
Lymph have LARGER llumins
Lymph do not have easily identifiable tunicas
They BOTH have one way valves
Identifying large lymph in photos (Large vessels)
N:erve
A:rtery
V:ein
E:mpty space
L:ymphatic
There are 2 sets of lymphatic vessels: (both converge to form LYMPHATIC TRUNKS)
1. Superficial
-found in the subcutaneous layer
-found in mucous lining of the GI tract, respitory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
-found in the serous lining of the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities
2. Deep
-collect lymph from skeletal muscles and tissue of the neck, limbs, trunk and visceral
organs
,Human Anatomy GNUR 155
Final Exam prep notes
Chapter 23: Lymphatic System
5 major lymphatic trunks
1. Lumbar trunk
2. Intestinal trunks
3. Bronchiomediastinal trunks
4. Subclavian trunks
5. Jugular trunks
THORACIC DUCT:
-drains into the left subclavian vein (drains lymph inferior to the diaphragm)
DRAINS lymph from
*both sides of the body INFERIOR to the diaphragm (abdomen, BOTH legs)
*LEFT side of the body SUPERIOR to the diaphragm (Left arm, torso, neck, and head)
Cisterna chyli: storage area for lymph where trunks are converging at the base of the duct
***the thoracic duct begins at this sac-like structure
COLLECTS lymph from...
-L and R lumbar trunks -interstinal trunks -L subclavian trunk
-L. bronchomediastinal trunk -L.jugular trunk
Right lymphatic duct: drains into the RIGHT subclavian vein
DRAINS lymph from
*Right arm, right torso, right neck, and right head
COLLECTS lymph from:
*R. bronchiomadiastinal trunks
*R. subclavian trunk
*R. jugular trunk
LYMPHOCYTES: the primary cells of the lymphatic system
Respond to... -invading bacteria and viruses
-abnormal body cells (aka cancer)
-foreign proteins such as toxins released by some bacteria
Travel throughout the bloodstream:
*exit bloodstream to inter the interstitial spaces
*re- enter the blood stream/ circulation via lymphatic vessels
T CELLS: (Thymus dependent cells)
-origniate in bone marrow but travel to the thymus gland to become active via THYMOSIN
-once mature, they leave the thymus and migrate to red bone marrow, spleen, and other
lymphatic tissues
*necessary for cell-mediated immunity
TYPES:
Cytotoxic T cells: attack foreign cells/viruses
Helper T cells: stimulate T and B cells and enhance antibody production
Reugulating T cells: moferate immune response
Memory T cells: activated if the same antigen in the body appears at a later date
, Human Anatomy GNUR 155
Final Exam prep notes
Chapter 23: Lymphatic System
B Cells: (Bone marrow derived cells)
-originate and become immunocompetent (active) in the bone marrow
-once mature, B cells enter the blood and migrate to peripheral tissues
TYPES
Plasma cells: produce antibodies react with antigens
Memory B cells: become activated if the same antigen appears at a later date
NK Cells: (Natural Killer cells)
-attack foreign cells
-attack normal cells infected with viruses
-attack cancer cells
Lypmphocytes and the immune system:
cell mediated immunity: T cells directly attach to the pathogen
antibody mediated immunity: pathogen is attacked by anitibodies produced by B cells
Immune response to a bacterial antigen:
*macrophages will phagocytize the foreign substance
*macrophages will present the antigen to specific T cells “antigen presention”
*T cells begin to divide and produce cytotoxic T ceclls, helper T cells, and memory T cells
*cytotixic T cells kill the bacteria agent directly
*helper B cells begin producing antibodies against the bacterial antigens
*this antigen-antibody combination attracts an “army” of leukocytes
*these leukocytes kill the bacteria
Dist. and life span of lymph: T cells: B cells
-varies in different tissues and organs
-in the blood 8:1
-in the spleen 1:!
-in the bone marrow 1:3
Life span=4-20 years
Lymphocytopoesis (aka lymphopoesis) = lymphocyte production
-the pluropotential stem cells produce 2 sets of lymphatic stem cells, each with a different fate
one set:
o migrate to thymus gland
o upon exposure to thhymosin, the plymphocyte will mature to form T cells
o mature T cells reside in red bone marrow, spleen, and other lymph tissue
other set
o stay in the bone and differentiate to form B and NK cells
o B cells: produce antibodies
o NK cells: immune surveillance
o Both reside in peripheral tissues or circulate in the body
