BIO 212 – Exam 3
Bio 212 Course Notes – Exam 3
Ch 30-34 – Cardiovascular Disorders—6/11 & on
Ch 36-37 – Respiratory Disorders—6/25 & 6/27
*Exam open 6/28-7/2*
• Arteries, away.
• Venules veins.
o Thinner walls, lumen = bigger.
Ch 30 – Disorders of Blood Flow in the Systemic Circuit
***Review Ch 29 and pgs 739-741 if
needed Disorders of Arterial Circulation
Diseases of the arterial system cause impaired blood flow. The effect of the impaired blood
flow depends on the structures involved and extent of the altered flow.
• Ischemia – reduction in arterial flow to a level that does not meet the oxygen
demands for a tissue
• Infarction – an area of ischemic necrosis in an organ
Hyperlipidemia
• A state of elevated lipids in the blood that is associated with increased risk
of atherosclerosis and its associated risks of heart attack and stroke
o Elevated lipids… hyperlipidemia.
▪ Decrease lipids to get better.
▪ Apoproteins throughout this structure
• Lipoproteins
o Core of triglycerides and cholesterol surrounded by phospholipids and
apoproteins which dictate the interactions and metabolic fate of the
lipoprotein
o 4 types
▪ Chylomicrons – 80-90% triglycerides, 2% protein
• Largest, synthesized in the small intestine
• Transport dietary triglycerides and cholesterol that are
absorbed through the GI tract
• Triglycerides are transferred to adipose and skeletal muscle cells
• Cholesterol is taken up by the liver which synthesizes into VLDL
or secretes it with bile
, BIO 212 – Exam 3
▪ VLDL – very low density lipoproteins
• 55-65% triglycerides, 10% cholesterol, 5-10% protein
, BIO 212 – Exam 3
• Synthesized in the liver
• Transport endogenous triglycerides produced by the liver to
adipose and skeletal muscle cells
• Then form IDL which are transported back to the liver and
recycled into VLDL or converted to LDL
• Primary energy source during fasting
▪ LDL – low density lipoproteins
• 10% triglycerides, 50% cholesterol, 25% protein
• Synthesized in the blood
• Main cholesterol carrier, “bad cholesterol”
• Two pathways of removal
o Receptor dependent
o Scavenger
▪ HDL – high density lipoproteins
• 5% triglycerides, 20% cholesterol, 50% protein
• Synthesized in the liver
• “Good cholesterol”
• Transport cholesterol from the tissues back to the liver
• Etiologies: multifactorial, genetics, nutrition, lifestyle, other diseases, medications
o Primary hypercholesterolemia – independent of other diseases or health
problems
▪ Strong genetic component
▪ Ex: familial hypercholesterolemia type 2A – deficient LDL receptors
o Secondary hypercholesterolemia – associated with other disease or lifestyle
▪ Strong lifestyle component – poor diet, lack of exercise
▪ Other diseases: Type II diabetes mellitus, metabolic
syndrome, hypothyroidism
• Diagnosis
o Fasting lipoprotein profile which measures LDL, HDL triglycerides and total
cholesterol
o Total cholesterol > 200 mg/dL or HDL < 40 mg/dL – follow up profile
• Treatment
o 1st - Lifestyle changes – increased exercise, changes to diet, lose weight, stop
smoking
o 2nd - Drugs to lower lipoproteins
, BIO 212 – Exam 3
• Almost always many lifestyle choices… especially Americans! Woohoo!
o First treatment should be change ur life!
Bio 212 Course Notes – Exam 3
Ch 30-34 – Cardiovascular Disorders—6/11 & on
Ch 36-37 – Respiratory Disorders—6/25 & 6/27
*Exam open 6/28-7/2*
• Arteries, away.
• Venules veins.
o Thinner walls, lumen = bigger.
Ch 30 – Disorders of Blood Flow in the Systemic Circuit
***Review Ch 29 and pgs 739-741 if
needed Disorders of Arterial Circulation
Diseases of the arterial system cause impaired blood flow. The effect of the impaired blood
flow depends on the structures involved and extent of the altered flow.
• Ischemia – reduction in arterial flow to a level that does not meet the oxygen
demands for a tissue
• Infarction – an area of ischemic necrosis in an organ
Hyperlipidemia
• A state of elevated lipids in the blood that is associated with increased risk
of atherosclerosis and its associated risks of heart attack and stroke
o Elevated lipids… hyperlipidemia.
▪ Decrease lipids to get better.
▪ Apoproteins throughout this structure
• Lipoproteins
o Core of triglycerides and cholesterol surrounded by phospholipids and
apoproteins which dictate the interactions and metabolic fate of the
lipoprotein
o 4 types
▪ Chylomicrons – 80-90% triglycerides, 2% protein
• Largest, synthesized in the small intestine
• Transport dietary triglycerides and cholesterol that are
absorbed through the GI tract
• Triglycerides are transferred to adipose and skeletal muscle cells
• Cholesterol is taken up by the liver which synthesizes into VLDL
or secretes it with bile
, BIO 212 – Exam 3
▪ VLDL – very low density lipoproteins
• 55-65% triglycerides, 10% cholesterol, 5-10% protein
, BIO 212 – Exam 3
• Synthesized in the liver
• Transport endogenous triglycerides produced by the liver to
adipose and skeletal muscle cells
• Then form IDL which are transported back to the liver and
recycled into VLDL or converted to LDL
• Primary energy source during fasting
▪ LDL – low density lipoproteins
• 10% triglycerides, 50% cholesterol, 25% protein
• Synthesized in the blood
• Main cholesterol carrier, “bad cholesterol”
• Two pathways of removal
o Receptor dependent
o Scavenger
▪ HDL – high density lipoproteins
• 5% triglycerides, 20% cholesterol, 50% protein
• Synthesized in the liver
• “Good cholesterol”
• Transport cholesterol from the tissues back to the liver
• Etiologies: multifactorial, genetics, nutrition, lifestyle, other diseases, medications
o Primary hypercholesterolemia – independent of other diseases or health
problems
▪ Strong genetic component
▪ Ex: familial hypercholesterolemia type 2A – deficient LDL receptors
o Secondary hypercholesterolemia – associated with other disease or lifestyle
▪ Strong lifestyle component – poor diet, lack of exercise
▪ Other diseases: Type II diabetes mellitus, metabolic
syndrome, hypothyroidism
• Diagnosis
o Fasting lipoprotein profile which measures LDL, HDL triglycerides and total
cholesterol
o Total cholesterol > 200 mg/dL or HDL < 40 mg/dL – follow up profile
• Treatment
o 1st - Lifestyle changes – increased exercise, changes to diet, lose weight, stop
smoking
o 2nd - Drugs to lower lipoproteins
, BIO 212 – Exam 3
• Almost always many lifestyle choices… especially Americans! Woohoo!
o First treatment should be change ur life!
