HISTORY 101 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS | 2022 UPDATE 100% CORRECT

Which of the following is the correct order for the steps of scientific inquiry? d. observe, question, hypothesize, experiment, analyze, formulate a conclusion  A dependent variable is b. manipulated by changes to the independent variable.  A scientific theory _______. d. is an explanation for a set of events  Which of the following is an observation and not an inference? c. Bubbles form when two chemicals are mixed together.  Scientific experiments are specially designed to test explanations for an observed phenomenon. A student decides to conduct an experiment to determine the effect that the amount of time spent in the sunlight has on the overall growth of a plant. The student will conduct the experiment using two identical plants that will only spend different amounts of time in the sunlight. All other aspects needed for growth will remain identical for each. In the experiment described, what would the amount of water given to each plant be considered? d. a control  Scientific questions must be _______. d. testable  A student conducts an experiment to determine how the amount of water given to a plant affects its growth. What is the independent variable for this experiment? a. the amount of water  Scientific experiments must be able to be repeated by multiple scientists to verify the results that are obtained. Which of the following is an example of a scientific question that could be used to create an easily reproducible experiment? d. Does sugar or salt have a greater effect on plant growth?  An inference _______. a. is a possible explanation for events using prior knowledge  Which of the following is an inference? d. A cup with steam coming from it will be hot to the touch.  Which step of scientific inquiry involves organizing and interpreting the data? b. Analysis  What are the two categories of observations? a. qualitative and quantitative  A student conducts an experiment to determine how the amount of water given to a plant affects its growth. Which of the following is not a control for this experiment? c. the amount of water  An experiment looking at structures smaller than a cell would most likely employ a _______. b. transmission electron microscope  Which of the following pieces of laboratory equipment is not directly used to make measurements? a. test tube  A balance is best used to measure a sample's _______. c. mass  Which of the following is the best explanation for why it is important to follow lab safety guidelines? b. Following laboratory safety guidelines minimizes the chance of lab accidents.  Which of the following pieces of lab equipment is used to protect eyes? d. goggles  Julia notices that the "check engine" light comes on while driving her car on days with temperatures of over 100 degrees. What could be a plausible explanation for this? b. Her engine overheats when the temperature outside is over 100 degrees.  It is rare to prove a hypothesis as incorrect through experimentation. True  Which of the following would not be a contributing factor to the life span of goldfish in a backyard pond? b. the size of the goldfish  During the summer, after a big storm blows through, David notices leaks from his air conditioner. Which of the following is the best explanation of the contributing factor for this problem? a. The storm damaged the air conditioner.  A valid hypothesis must be testable. True  Which of the following is not an example of critical thinking? c. implementing the first solution to a problem identified  The scientific method is one application of critical thinking. True  Which of the following is not one of the guidelines for brainstorming? c. striving for quality  Why is it important to apply critical thinking to spam e-mail? d. all of the above  The critical evaluation of websites allows users to identify _______. d. websites containing false or misleading information  The scientific method helps scientists avoid injecting which of the following into their experiments? d. bias  Which of the following is not a step in evaluating the reliability of a website? d. all of the above are steps in evaluating a website's reliability  Which of the following is not true concerning Internet websites? b. They have an editorial process to correct inaccurate information.  Factual information can be presented with bias. True  Identifying the single solution to a situation or problem is a crucial element of critical thinking. False  Vague terms are often used in advertising because they can have more than one meaning. True  To evaluate the observations you make, you must use ____. b. critical thinking  If there are many explanations for results, a more specific test should be devised. True  What principle of science caused Galileo to not discard his erroneous theory of the tides? d. Keeping an open mind  Scientists must be impartial and not base their conclusions on ____. a. opinions  It is best to wait until the end of the experiment to record your observations. False  Why is it important to carefully evaluate promotional claims? c. it can be difficult to verify how promotional claims are tested  What important skill enabled Galileo to interpret the results of his experiments? c. Critical thinking  Product information from laboratories paid by the company selling the product should be critically examined. True  ____ materials are designed to get you to buy a product or service. d. Advertising  Spam e-mail is best described as _______. a. unsolicited messages from unknown individuals trying to solicit money or information  Which of the following steps is important to critical thinking? b. utilizing facts  Scientific theories are subject to change. True  What is the difference between the question and hypothesis steps in scientific inquiry? a. The question step provides the question to be studied, while the hypothesis step provides a proposed answer to the question.  When conducting scientific research or experimentation, researchers carefully analyze and evaluate results to determine a valid conclusion. A scientist conducts an experiment to determine how different brands of fish food affect tropical fish growth. The scientist determines that all of their fish grow better when fed a specific brand of fish food. Why would it be important to question the results of this experiment? d. all of the above  A transmission electron microscope would be the best microscope choice to study _______. a. structures smaller than cells  Which of the following is not used to perform experiments with liquids? d. rulers  Scientists use critical thinking skills throughout the process of research or experimentation. A student notices that their energy level always seems to decrease when they drink soda, but they seem to have more energy when they don't drink soda. The student decides to conduct an experiment to determine if their soda intake really does have an effect on their energy level. What critical thinking step has the student just completed in the situation described above? a. Asking a question  There is no simple way to determine whether a website has an editorial process to evaluate the factual accuracy of the information presented. True  One of the most effective ways to evaluate data is to try to replicate it. True  Safety equipment like fire extinguishers and fire blankets are used to prevent accidents. False  Following proper safety guidelines _______. a. minimizes the chance of accidents occurring in lab  When determining the number of significant digits in a measurement, b. all nonzero digits are significant  Three different people weigh a standard mass of 2.00 g on the same balance. Each person obtains a reading of 7.32 g for the mass of the standard. These results imply that the balance that was used is ____. b. precise  What is the measurement 111.009 mm rounded off to four significant digits? b. 111.0 mm  What can you conclude about the figure? d. The arrow locations represent neither accuracy nor precision.  According to rounding rules for addition, the sum of 27.1, 34.538, and 37.68 is ____. b. 99.3  You calculate the following answer to a problem: 12.655 cm. You are asked to round your answer to four significant figures. Which answer is correct? a. 12.66 cm  How close a measured value is to an accepted value is called a(n) ____. a. accuracy.  Two students are working in a laboratory together. Each student uses the same balance to weigh the same matter. Analyze the table and determine which student reported the most precise data. a. Student A  What can you conclude about the figure? c. To be accurate, all the arrows would need to be near the ring labeled 10.  Which of the following measurements is the most accurate for a pellet with a mass of 3.25 grams? c. 3.27 grams  Scientists utilize models for a variety of different purposes, but each type of scientific model has limitations. What might be a limitation of existing solar system models? d. They are based on current knowledge.  Which of the following is not an example of a scientific model? b. a data table  Which of the following types of models would be most effective to demonstrate the relationship between distance and time? a. idea model  Which of the following scenarios represents the best use of a scientific model? a. predicting weather patterns  Scientific models can be used for a variety of different purposes. Which of the following is not a possible use for a scientific model? c. replace study of the larger system  Which of the following types of models is usually in the form of a drawing, graph, or equation? a. idea model  Scientific models are based on current knowledge, which can limit their effectiveness when new discoveries are made. True  The model of the solar system changed, because _______. a. understanding of the solar system changed.  Scientific models can be used for a variety of different purposes. Which of the following statements about scientific models is not true? d. Scientific models are used rarely.  Computer models are the only type of model that can be used to make predictions. False  What is 0.55 hectometers expressed in decimeters? a. 550 dm  Which of the following is the SI unit used to measure mass? a. kilogram  Volume can be measured in liters or cubic meters. True  The metric system is only used in France. False  The metric system is now known as the international system of units. True  What is the purpose of the prefixes in the metric system? a. They signify the multiples of ten for each unit.  Which of the following measurements has the greatest precision? c. 100.00  Round the number 14. to 4 significant digits. a. 14.59  Which of the following values is the largest? b. 0.5 km  One km is equal to _______. b. 3280.8 ft  The main purpose of models is to gain a better understanding of the world. True  Values that indicate the precision of a measurement significant figures  Models need to be changed when _______. b. scientific understanding changes  Which of the following is not one of the three principles from which the metric system is based? c. Metric measurements cannot be converted to any other form of measurement.  What is 0.25 kilometers expressed in centimeters? a. 25000 cm  Which of the following is the SI unit used to measure length? c. meter  Which of the following types of models is most likely to be used to predict earthquakes? c. computer model  How many significant figures are in the measurement 0.020 km? b. 2  A number should be rounded up if _______. c. the number after it is between 5 and 9  groups of individuals that belong to the same species and live together population  The difference between an ecosystem and a community is that a(an) c. ecosystem includes both living and nonliving parts of the environment.  What is the combined portion of Earth called in which all living things exist? d. biosphere  The lowest level of environmental complexity that includes living and nonliving factors is the c. ecosystem.  different populations that live in a defined area community  The simplest grouping of more than one kind of organism in the biosphere is a(an) b. community.  the combined portions of the planet in which all life exists biosphere  all organisms in an area, including the non-living parts of their environment ecosystem  The branch of biology dealing with interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment is called d. ecology.  Which of the following descriptions about the organization of an ecosystem is correct? d. Species are grouped in populations, which make up communities.  Organisms at higher trophic levels tend to be fewer in number than those at lower trophic levels. True  A food chain is made up of interrelated food webs. False  Refer to the illustration above. Level A is composed of c. producers.  The number of trophic levels in an ecological pyramid b. is limited by the amount of energy that is lost at each trophic level.  A relationship between a producer and consumer is best illustrated by a d. zebra eating grass.  Producers in an ecosystem transfer all of their energy to primary-level consumers. False  Refer to the illustration above. On the pyramid, animals that feed on plant eaters are no lower than c. level C.  ______________ break down essential nutrients and return them to the soil. a. Decomposers  In an ecosystem, available energy___________________ at each successive trophic level. a. diminishes  Refer to the illustration above. Leopard seals are d. carnivores.  All organisms in an ecosystem are part of the food web of that ecosystem. True  Animals that feed on plants are at least in the b. second trophic level.  Refer to the illustration above. The diagram represents the decrease in d. All of the above  Organisms that manufacture organic nutrients for an ecosystem are called c. primary producers.  ____________ use the Sun's energy to make food. c. Producers  Which of the following steps starts the water cycle? a. There is no real starting place.  Carbon cycles through the biosphere in all of the following processes EXCEPT b. transpiration.  In the water cycle shown above, the two processes that involve water entering the atmosphere are: a. evaporation and transpiration  A lake that is protected from receiving the runoff from a cultivated field is likely to remain a healthy ecosystem. True  Nitrogen fixation is carried out primarily by c. bacteria.  How is carbon stored in the biosphere? d. all of the above  What is the process by which bacteria convert nitrogen gas in the air to ammonia? a. nitrogen fixation  The rate at which organic matter is created by producers in an ecosystem is called d. primary productivity.  Which of the following is NOT recycled in a biogeochemical cycle? sunlight  _____ percent of organisms on Earth are considered carbon-based. d. 99.9%  The tendency for warm air to rise and cool air to sink results in a. global wind patterns.  What is the relationship between cloud cover and the amount of energy that hits the Earth? c. increased cloud cover decreases energy  Which of the following contributes to maintaining the temperature on Earth? d. greenhouse effect.  The greenhouse effect occurs when carbon dioxide and other gases prevent heat energy from leaving the atmosphere True  Which of the following is NOT considered to be a greenhouse gas? d. Oxygen  The measure of water vapor in the surrounding air, which affects the climate of a region, is: b. humidity  Earth has three main climate zones because of the differences in a. lattitude.  A hygrometer is used to measure ____________, and its measurements will differ between climate zones. a. the percentage of water vapor, or humidity, that is in the local atmosphere  Earth's natural "insulating blanket" is the biosphere. False  A mountain can affect climate by b. causing precipitation to fall mostly on one side of the mountain.  A symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit is b. mutualism.  Each of the following is an abiotic factor in the environment EXCEPT a. plant life.  A predator can increase the numbers of certain species in its habitat by a. killing and eating the competitors of other species.  How are biotic factors different from abiotic factors? b. Biotic factors are living and abiotic factors are non-living.  An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism is called d. predation.  Which of the following are abiotic factors that affect survival and reproduction of organisms? d. dissolved gasses, light intensity, pH level, and water availability  Which type of limiting factor is the seasonal drought in the Serengeti Plains? abiotic factor A student conducts an experiment to determine how the amount of water given to a plant affects its growth. What is the independent variable for this experiment? The amount of water  Scientific questions must be _______. a. based on scientific theories b. general c. biased d. testable Scientific questions must be testable.  An independent variable is ____________________. a. directly changed by the experimenter. b. manipulated by changes to the dependent variable. c. a variable that is kept constant. d. a variable that is used as a control. An independent variable is directly changed by the experimenter.  A student conducts an experiment to determine how the amount of water given to a plant affects its growth. Which of the following is not a control for this experiment? a. the type of plant b. the amount of soil c. the amount of water d. the amount of time in the sun The amount of water.  Scientific experiments are specially designed to test explanations for an observed phenomenon. A student decides to conduct an experiment to determine the effect that the amount of time spent in the sunlight has on the overall growth of a plant. The student will conduct the experiment using two identical plants that will only spend different amounts of time in the sunlight. All other aspects needed for growth will remain identical for each. In the experiment described, what would the amount of water given to each plant be considered? a. an observation b. a dependent variable c. an independent variable d. a control Control  Which of the following is an inference? a. The flower is pink. b. Vinegar has a pungent aroma. c. A dog barks. d. A cup with steam coming from it will be hot to the touch. A cup with steam coming from it will be hot to the touch.  What are the two categories of observations? a. qualitative and quantitative b. direct and indirect c. sensory and derived d. measured and deduced Qualitative and Quantitative are the categories of observations.  Which of the following statements describes a scientific law? a. A scientific law explains a set of events. b. A scientific law describes what occurs every time in a situation. c. A scientific law is constantly modified. d. A scientific law is developed without experimentation. A scientific law describes what occurs every time in a situation.  Which step of scientific inquiry involves testing the hypothesis and collecting data? a. Experimentation b. Analysis c. Conclusion d. Hypothesis Experimentation is the step of scientific inquiry involving testing the hypothesis and collecting data.  An inference _______. a. is a possible explanation for events using prior knowledge b. explains if a hypothesis is or is not valid c. is made independent of observation or prior knowledge d. can be either qualitative or quantitative An inference is a possible explanation for events using prior knowledge.  An observation is _______. a. a possible explanation for events using prior knowledge b. always quantitative c. made using any of the five senses d. always qualitative An observation is made using any of the five senses.  A statement that can be proven by observation or measurement is known as a(n): a. opinion b. value c. fact d. belief A statement that can be proven by observation or measurement is known as a fact.  A student conducts an experiment to determine how the amount of water given to a plant affects its growth. What is the dependent variable for this experiment? a. the amount of water b. the height of the plant c. the amount of sunlight d. the amount of soil The height of the plant.  Which step of scientific inquiry involves organizing and interpreting the data? a. Experimentation b. Analysis c. Conclusion d. Hypothesis Analysis is the organization and interpretation of data.  Scientific theories are explanations for scientific phenomena that can be changed when and if new information is found to support or refute the explanation. Which of the following statements provides an example of a scientific theory? a. An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an outside force. b. Species evolve by passing on advantageous hereditary traits. c. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. d. In a closed system, energy is neither created nor destroyed. Species evolve by passing on advantageous hereditary traits.  Scientific experiments must be able to be repeated by multiple scientists to verify the results that are obtained. Which of the following is an example of a scientific question that could be used to create an easily reproducible experiment? a. Why do people like to watch television? b. Does the mass of a rocket affect the distance it can travel? c. What makes the sky blue? d. Does sugar or salt have a greater effect on plant growth? Does sugar or salt have a greater effect on plant growth? In science, a hypothesis must be true. false  Scientists who possess this attitude are eager to find answers to different questions they have about the natural world. curiosity  Scientific inquiry refers to the diverse ways in which scientists study the natural world and propose explanations based on the evidence they gather. true  Scientists who possess this attitude always report their observations and results truthfully. honesty  Scientists who possess this attitude question the results of experiments. skepticism  In science, skepticism means coming up with inventive ways to solve problems or produce new things. false  Scientists should always report their observations and results truthfully. true  Scientists who possess this attitude are capable of accepting ideas. open-mindness  Thinking and questioning is the start of the scientific inquiry process. true  A(n) hypothesis is a statement that describes how to measure a particular variable or define a particular term. false  Scientists' skepticism should be balanced with an ability to a. accept new and different ideas.  Trying to explain why a cactus needs little water to survive is an example of c. scientific inquiry.  Which of the following statements describes a scientific law? b. A scientific law describes what occurs every time in a situation.  Which step of scientific inquiry involves organizing and interpreting the data? b. Analysis  Scientific experiments must be able to be repeated by multiple scientists to verify the results that are obtained. Which of the following is an example of a scientific question that could be used to create an easily reproducible experiment? d. Does sugar or salt have a greater effect on plant growth?  Which of the following is an inference? d. A cup with steam coming from it will be hot to the touch.  An observation is _______. c. made using any of the five senses  A student conducts an experiment to determine how the amount of water given to a plant affects its growth. b. the height of the plant  An independent variable is a. directly changed by the experimenter.  An inference _______ a. is a possible explanation for events using prior knowledge  What are the two categories of observations? a. qualitative and quantitative  A statement that can be proven by observation or measurement is known as a(n): c. fact  Which step of scientific inquiry involves testing the hypothesis and collecting data? a. Experimentation  It is rare to prove a hypothesis as incorrect through experimentation. false  Julia notices that the "check engine" light comes on while driving her car on days with temperatures of over 100 degrees. What could be a plausible explanation for this? b. Her engine overheats when the temperature outside is over 100 degrees.  A valid hypothesis must be testable. true  During the summer, after a big storm blows through, David notices leaks from his air conditioner. Which of the following is the best explanation of the contributing factor for this problem? a. The storm damaged the air conditioner.  What values can be obtained from the min/max thermometer? a. The minimum, maximum, and current temperature.  What is the current temperature to the nearest degree for the thermometer shown below? b. +4ºC  What was the minimum temperature to the nearest degree for the thermometer shown here? d. -6ºC  A transmission electron microscope would be the best microscope choice to study _______. a. structures smaller than cells  Samples for a compound light microscope are typically prepared on _______ a. glass slides  If an experiment involves a large volume of liquid a _______ would most likely be used to hold it. d. beaker  Electron microscopes have much higher magnification than compound light microscopes true  Which of the following is not used to hold liquids? c. balance  What is the function of an Erlenmeyer flask? a. contain reaction solutions  Electron microscopes have much higher magnification than compound light microscopes. true  Which of the following microscopes provide 3D images of samples? b. dissecting microscope and scanning electron microscope  If you wear contact lenses, why should you remove them while you are in the laboratory? b. They can hold chemicals that accidentally splash into your eye next to your eye and cause permanent damage.  Many types of scientific equipment are used to perform different functions in the science lab. Which of the following combinations of equipment would be needed to bring one liter of water to 85°C? b. graduated cylinder, beaker, thermometer and hot plate  Scientists use significant figures in order to provide precise measurements in recorded data.Which measurement would not be possible to obtain from the triple beam balance shown? b. 463.455 g  What is the mass of the light bulb and paperclips together? c. 251.0 g  What is the mass of the light bulb? d. 245.6 g  Find the mass of the cone using the triple beam balance. b. 542.0 g  The metric system is only used in France false  What is 0.55 hectometers expressed in decimeters? a. 550 dm  If the next to the last digit of a measurement is 6, the end digit should be rounded up. true  How many significant figures are in the measurement 1.050 L? d. 4  The metric system is now known as the international system of units. true  One km is equal to _______. b. 3280.8 ft  Which of the following measurements has the greatest precision? c. 100.00  The number 0.00243 has how many significant digits? a. 3  Safety equipment like fire extinguishers and fire blankets are used to prevent accidents. false  What is the difference between the question and hypothesis steps in scientific inquiry? a. The question step provides the question to be studied, while the hypothesis step provides a proposed answer to the question  Following proper safety guidelines _______ a. minimizes the chance of accidents occurring in lab  What is 0.25 kilometers expressed in centimeters? a. 25000 cm  Which of the following is not one of the three principles from which the metric system is based? c. Metric measurements cannot be converted to any other form of measurement.  A hypothesis is developed by determining a way to test multiple uncontrolled variables. false  Scientific theories are subject to change. true  Which of the following is not used to perform experiments with liquids? d. rulers  Which of the following is the SI unit used to measure length? c. meter  How many significant figures are in the measurement 0.020 km? b. 2  Which type of graph is best for analyzing quantitative dependent and independent variables? a. line graph  What feature is common to all microscopes, and how is this feature related in the word microscope? All microscopes allow visualization of samples that are too small to be viewed by the naked eye. Microscopes let scientists make observations of microscopic objects. Microscopic objects are too small to be seen with the naked eye.  Scientific models can never be changed. false  Scientific models are based on a set of observations. true  Scientific models are based on current knowledge, which can limit their effectiveness when new discoveries are made. true  Which of the following types of models is generally used to predict long-term events? c. computer model  Scientific models can be used for a variety of different purposes. Which of the following statements about scientific models is not true? d. Scientific models are used rarely.  Computer models are the only type of model that can be used to make predictions. false  Which of the following statements about physical models is not true? c. Physical models are usually in the form of a graph.  Which of the following scenarios represents the best use of a scientific model? a. predicting weather patterns  All models have limitations. true  Which of the following types of models is usually in the form of a drawing, graph, or equation? a. idea model  Scientists utilize models for a variety of different purposes, but each type of scientific model has limitations. What might be a limitation of existing solar system models? d. They are based on current knowledge.  Scientific models can be used for a variety of different purposes. Which of the following is not a possible use for a scientific model? c. replace study of the larger system  According to the graph of v vs. t below, what was the initial velocity of the cart? 0.5 m/s  A cart is set up as shown below, with three fans directed to the left and two of the fans running. The motion of the cart is represented by the v vs t graph shown. If the experiment were repeated with all three fans running, what might the resulting v vs t graph look like? Graph D  The acceleration of the cart shown below is represented in the given graph. If a second block is added to the cart, what might be the resulting acceleration? 0.27 m/s/s  A cart with one fan on it blowing to the left and carrying one block produces the x vs t (position vs. time) graph shown. If this cart were carrying three blocks instead of one, with the fan still blowing the same direction, what could the x vs t graph look like? Graph C  Data displayed in rows and columns is called a table. true  Which element represents 10% of the elements in the human body? c. hydrogen  What kind of graph is illustrated above? a. circle  The best type of graph to illustrate the change in air temperature over a period of time would be a _________ graph. b. line  A line graph shows the relationship between three variables. false  Which of the following best describes the advantage of having data presented in a table over a paragraph? c. The way that the data is organized.  If a female wanted to burn the most calories swimming, she should choose the treading water. false  During which year was the population of the United States about 150,000,000? c. 1950  A circle graph is always based on percentages. true  Scientific data can be organized into different types of graphs. Which type of graph would best illustrate the information from Table 2-1? c. bar graph  Scientists follow specific processes in order to determine valid explanations and conclusions from scientific data. Students graduating from Rydell High School fill out an exit survey the last week of school. When students were asked to compare language arts courses with science courses, 20% of males reported preferring language arts and 80% reported preferring science. For females, 90% reported preferring language arts and 10% reported preferring science. Which of the following would be a valid conclusion based on the data from this study? d. For a specific graduating class at Rydell High School, the majority of male students preferred science courses over language arts, and the majority of female students preferred language arts courses over science  The city of San Francisco reported more missing dogs the week before a massive earthquake than any other week of the year. Therefore, this is factual evidence that dogs can sense impending danger. false  Researched information can never be biased. false  Scientists follow specific processes in order to determine valid explanations and conclusions from observations. David observed strange lights in the sky above his home outside of Roswell, New Mexico. The only explanation that makes sense to him is that there are UFOs in the area. What should David do next to verify his explanation? b. Research any and all data pertaining to the Roswell area, and unidentified flying objects reported in the sky  Courtney believes that the dinosaurs went extinct as a result of a giant asteroid hitting the earth. Scientists discovered a 150 km wide crater dating back to the time of their extinction, according to the fossil record. The crater and the fossil record are examples of researched data that support Courtney's explanation. true  The scientific method is one application of critical thinking. true  Why is it important to apply critical thinking to spam e-mail? d. all of the above  Judging and evaluating advertisements requires critical thinking because _______. a. advertisements can contain confusing, misleading information  Scientists use critical thinking skills throughout the process of research or experimentation. A student notices that their energy level always seems to decrease when they drink soda, but they seem to have more energy when they don't drink soda. The student decides to conduct an experiment to determine if their soda intake really does have an effect on their energy level. What critical thinking step has the student just completed in the situation described above? a. Asking a question  Which of the following is not one of the guidelines for brainstorming? c. striving for quality  Which of the following is not a step in evaluating the reliability of a website? d. all of the above are steps in evaluating a website's reliability  When conducting scientific research or experimentation, researchers carefully analyze and evaluate results to determine a valid conclusion. A scientist conducts an experiment to determine how different brands of fish food affect tropical fish growth. The scientist determines that all of their fish grow better when fed a specific brand of fish food. Why would it be important to question the results of this experiment? d. all of the above  Critical thinking is important for evaluating which parts of advertisements are true and can be believed. true  Factual information can be presented with bias. true  There is no simple way to determine whether a website has an editorial process to evaluate the factual accuracy of the information presented. true  Which of the following types of models is most likely to be used to predict earthquakes? c. computer model  The main purpose of models is to gain a better understanding of the world. true  How could you reorganize Table 2-2 so that the data would be more useful? Place the countries in order of rank.  What variables are shown in this graph? number of people and the year  What kind of graph is shown above? bar graph  There are three factors that vary in Table 2-1. One is the number of Calories. What are the other two? type of stroke; type of swimmer  What does the orange piece of this circle graph represent? The orange piece represents the 2% of all other elements of the human body that are not mentioned.  Compare the idea, physical, and computer models. The idea model is used to for relationships between variables, such as time and distance, that can be graphed or be placed into an equation. A physical model, on the other hand, is generally used for objects, such as a cell, to show the various parts and their orientation in respect to each other. A computer model is used to track weather patterns and other factors to predict natural events  Explain why all models have limitations All models have limitations because they are not representative of every possible scenario. They use current knowledge and scientific data, but as those are subject to change, the models based off that knowledge and data are subject to change as well.  List possible limitations to scientific models. Scientific models are not a replacement for experimentation. They can be used in conjunction with experimentation to further understanding of a concept, event, or process. They are based on current scientific knowledge and may have to be changed when new discoveries are made.  A scientific model can be used to _______. b. better understand systems and processes  In a sealed tank is a large sprig of Elodea and a snail. The tank is kept for several weeks on a sunny window sill. Both the plant and snail live and appear to be healthy. Why does this happen? c. The snail produces carbon dioxide, while the plant produces oxygen.  Which of the test tubes shown below were most likely produced by a sprig of Elodea and a snail in the dark after 24 hours of incubation? d. Test tube 4  A student has four snails, four sprigs of Elodea, eight test tubes of bromothymol blue, and two rooms (light and dark). The student wants to know what gases are produced by the snails and Elodea in light and dark conditions. Assuming the student only has time for one experiment, what setup will yield the most complete data? a. Experiment 1  Which of the following is an example of a producer? a. Oak Tree  Environmental science includes the study of all of the following except: a. planets  Which of the following statements is true? c. A technological society has both a positive and negative impact on the environment  Which of the following is an example of a decomposer? d. bacteria  Most animals are producers, meaning they are able to create their own food from inorganic sources. false  Humans always have a negative impact on the environment. false  impact the environment more than industrial societies false  Ecology is one component of Environmental Science that studies organismal _______. c. interactions  Decomposers consume nonliving organic matter. true  The concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide is currently decreasing due to human activities. false  Rachel Carson can be credited for _______. d. bringing attention to the unchecked use of pesticides, brining attention to pesticides' harmful effects on the environment, and the modern environmental movement  Agricultural practices in the United States nearly led to the extinction of the peregrine falcon during the 1950s and 60s. true  Caves are a type of island ecosystem according to the theory of island biogeography. true  The greenhouse effect is caused solely by human activity. false  The observation of tool-making among chimpanzees led several scientists to reconsider the definition of what it is to be human. true  Which activity produces the smallest amount of greenhouse gases? b. riding a bicycle  Which of the following observed chimpanzee behaviors caused scientists to reevaluate what it meant to be human? c. tool making  The overarching goal of the carbon mitigation initiative is to _______. d. find solutions to the global warming dilemma  Rachel Carson's warning in Silent Spring was focused on _______. c. the misuse of pesticides  Which type of environmental scientist is likely to study methods of water conservation and decontamination? a. Hydrologist  Which of the following is likely to be researched by an environmental scientist? a. the effect of oil spills on marine animals  Environmental scientists are unconcerned with methods to preserve natural resources. false  What does an ecopsychologist study? d. the relationship between a person's mental health and the environment  Environmental designers design structures to match the environment. true  Environmental engineers minimize the impact of land development on the environment. true  A hydrologist is most likely to study pollution in _______. a. lakes  Which of the following is likely to be researched by a toxicologist? d. the effect of pesticides on organisms in the environment  Which type of environmental scientist is most likely to study how whales are affected by pollution? d. Oceanographer what would the amount of water given to each plant be considered? - a control  A hypothesis is _______. -a testable explanation for observed phenomena  Which step of scientific inquiry involves organizing and interpreting the data? -Analysis  Scientific questions must be _______. -testable  An observation is _______. -made using any of the five senses  Which of the following statements describes a scientific law? -A scientific law describes what occurs every time in a situation.  Which of the following is an inference? -A cup with steam coming from it will be hot to the touch.  an inference _______. -is a possible explanation for events using prior knowledge  During the summer, after a big storm blows through, David notices leaks from his air conditioner. Which of the following is the best explanation of the contributing factor for this problem? -The storm damaged the air conditioner.  Which of the following would not be a contributing factor to the life span of goldfish in a backyard pond? -the size of the goldfish  It is rare to prove a hypothesis as incorrect through experimentation. -False  A valid hypothesis must be testable. -True  There is only one tool used to heat equipment in the laboratory. -False  Electron microscopes have much higher magnification than compound light microscopes -true  Safety equipment like fire extinguishers and fire blankets are used to prevent accidents. -false  The proper protective equipment for working with hazardous chemicals in the lab includes, gloves, lab coat, goggles, and a fume hood. -true  Which of the following is not used to hold liquids? -balance  If an experiment involves a large volume of liquid a _______ would most likely be used to hold it. -beaker  Following proper safety guidelines _______. -minimizes the chance of accidents occurring in lab  Samples for a compound light microscope are typically prepared on _______. -glass slides  Volume can be measured in liters or cubic meters. -True  A unit must be divided by multiples of ten when converting from a larger unit to a smaller unit -False  Which of the following values is the largest? -0.5 km  Which of the following is the SI unit used to measure mass? -kilogram  What is 0.55 hectometers expressed in decimeters? -550 dm  The metric system is only used in France. -False  What is the difference between accuracy and precision in scientific measurements? -Accuracy is how close a measured value is to its true value, while precision is how close measured values are to each other.  What is 150 mm expressed in decimeters? -1.5 dm  How many significant figures are in the measurement 1.050 L? -4  If two measurements are very close to each other, then they are ____. -precise.  You calculate that m is the answer to a problem. You are asked to write your answer in scientific notation. Which answer is correct? -3.19 * 10^8  Analyze the table and determine which student reported the most precise data. - Student A  Poor precision in scientific measurement may arise from -both human error and the limitations of the measuring instrument.  What is the measurement 111.009 mm rounded off to four significant digits? -111.0 mm  Which unit is used to measure mass in the metric system? -gram  What can you conclude about the figure? -To be accurate, all the arrows would need to be near the ring labeled 10  Determine the volume of the figure shown below and round the answer to include the correct number of significant figures. -(h=2.35; l=5.80; d=1.212) 16.5 cm 3  Precision pertains to all of the following except -closeness of a measurement to an accepted value.  You calculate that 213,000 m/s is the answer to a problem. What can you conclude about your answer? -It has three significant figures.  When making observations, you should provide a general description of the subject, rather than going into too much detail. -false  Observational data is easier to analyze and interpret when it is organized into tables, charts, or graphs. -true  Five year old children played in one location during independent play time. Three year old children moved between different activities, rather than staying in one location. By analyzing Emily's observations, what could be a valid conclusion? -Five-year-old children have longer attention spans than three-year-old children.  When researching online, as long as the gathered information is the result of a valid Internet search engine, it is not necessary to analyze it for bias. -False  Having some prior knowledge about your topic is helpful when conducting Internet research. -true  She would like to focus on the immune system, and more specifically, the effects of HIV on the immune system. Which of the following options would be the best way for her to conduct an online search about her topic? -Type in "human immune system" + HIV effects  Joel is a firm believer that exposure to cold weather can cause the common cold. He conducts online research about this topic. Of the excerpts below, which would be considered biased? -Cold and flu season occurs when the weather is cold, so there must be a connection.  The excerpts below are an eyewitness account of UFO activity in South Carolina. Which of these observations is valid? -Neither of these observations is valid. ("I can tell from a firsthand experience that yes, UFOs do exist.";One thing for sure is that they were UFOs and they had to be piloted by some type of intelligent life."  If a source appears credible based on the bibliographic information, what should you do next? -evaluate the content of the source There is more than one kind of balance used in the laboratory. TRUE Which of the following is not used to hold liquids? C Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using the metric system? a. The basic units of measurement are related to each other. b. The units are based on multiples of ten. c. The units are used internationally. d. It was designed in France in 1791. It was designed in France in 1791. This is not an advantage.  Which of the following measurements has the greatest precision? a. 100 b. 100.0 c. 100.00 d. 1 100.00 has the greatest precision.  True or False - If the next to the last digit of a measurement is between 0 and 5, the end digit should be rounded down. False  The number 0.00243 has how many significant digits? a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 6 It has 3 significant digits.  Which of the following values is the largest? a. 50000 mm b. 0.5 km c. 50 m d. 5000 cm 0.5km is the largest.  One km is equal to _______. a. 0.62 ft b. 3280.8 ft c. 1.61 ft d. 5280 ft One km is equal to 3280.8 ft.  True or False - A unit must be divided by multiples of ten when converting from a larger unit to a smaller unit. False  Scientists take scientific measurements carefully in order to ensure their reliability and validity. Which of the following is an example of measurement bias in scientific measurement? a. a scale that reads zero when nothing is on it b. a stopwatch that stops immediately when the stop button is clicked c. A balance that always reads .01 g d. measuring your height in your bare feet A balance that always reads .01 g is an example of measurement bias in scientific measurement.  What is the purpose of the prefixes in the metric system? a. They signify the multiples of ten for each unit. b. They signify a completely separate unit. c. They always make a unit smaller. d. They always make a unit larger. The purposes of the prefixes in the metric system is to signify the multiples of ten for each unit.  True or False - The metric system is only used in France. False  Round the number 14. to 4 significant digits. a. 14.59 b. 14.58 c. 14.587 d. 15.00 14.59  What is 0.55 hectometers expressed in decimeters? a. 550 dm b. 5.5 dm c. 55 dm d. 0.00055 dm 550 dm  True or False - The metric system is now known as the international system of units. True  True or False - Volume can be measured in liters or cubic meters. True  How many significant figures are in the measurement 1.050 L? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 4  Scientists take scientific measurements carefully in order to ensure their reliability and validity. What is the difference between accuracy and precision in scientific measurements? a. Accuracy is how far out the measurement is taken, while precision is how close a measured value is to its true value. b. Accuracy is how close a measured value is to its true value, while precision is how close measured values are to each other. c. Accuracy is how close a measured value is to its true value, while precision is how close the average value is to the true value. d. Accuracy and precision are two different words for the same thing. Accuracy is how close a measured value is to its true value, while precision is how close measured values are to each other.  Which of the following is the SI unit used to measure mass? a. kilogram b. liter c. meter d. Kelvin Kilogram  What is 150 mm expressed in decimeters? a. 1500 dm b. 15 dm c. 1.5 dm d. 0.15 dm 1.5 dm Various pieces of safety equipment are used in the lab to provide protection against injury. Which of the following pieces of lab safety equipment is least likely to be used if proper eye goggles are being worn? a. first aid kit b. safety shower c. eye wash station d. fire extinguisher C There is no difference between the question and hypothesis steps of scientific inquiry. false  A scientific theory can never be disproven. false  An independent variable is directly changed by the experimenter.  Which of the following is an inference? A cup with steam coming from it will be hot to the touch.  inference A judgment based on reasoning rather than on direct or actual statement. A conclusion based on facts or circumstances.  observation the act of observing  It is important to wear proper protective equipment in lab even when not actively performing experiments because accidents can affect any researcher, even one not working on an experiment. True  How many significant figures are in the measurement 1.050 L? 4  Which of the following is the SI unit used to measure temperature? kelvin  Scientific models can never be changed. false  The best type of graph to illustrate the change in air temperature over a period of time would be a _________ graph. line  Judging and evaluating advertisements requires critical thinking because _______. advertisements can contain confusing, misleading information  Which of the following is likely to be the most valid source of information about pollution? an internal report by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)  An observation of the red shift of galaxies suggests that the universe is expanding  The varying theories of the universe's eventual fate all depend on the universe's current mass  States that the universe was created in a large explosion Big Bang Theory  The solar system may have begun as a nebula. true  The nebular model explains a. why the inner and outer planets differ. b. why the planets are all widely separated. c. the presence of comets and asteroids.  The formation of which of the following cannot be explained by the nebular model? The Milky Way galaxy  The push or pull of one object on another gravity  The inner planets are called terrestrial because they are small and highly dense.  Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are a known as ________. gas giants  Which of the following is NOT one of the inner planets of the solar system? Jupiter  Inner planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars  outer planets Saturn, Neptune, Uranus, Jupiter  The surface temperature of a star can be estimated based on the star's color  Stars are held together by gravitational forces  Stars are powered by nuclear fusion reactions. true  Which of the following is NOT a step in the evolution of a star? red dwarf  The path followed by an object in space around another object in space orbit  Occurs when the moon moves between the Earth and Sun and blocks the light solar ecliple  lunar eclipse the blocking of sunlight to the moon that occurs when earth is directly between the sun and the moon  Which of the following objects works by burning fuel to push hot air toward the ground and create thrust to use in lifting off? rocket  Any force that causes an object to move in a circle is called a(n) centripetal force.  The Earth is a satellite of ______. the Sun.  What force keeps an object in orbit? centipetal and centrifugal  Which of the following has two sets of lenses that are used to form and enlarge an image refracting telescope  Eons, eras, periods, and epochs, are all examples of ____________time. geologic  Complex organisms with gills and lungs were major life forms that existed in the_____________. Paleozoic era  Mammals evolved into larger organisms and began subdividing into various species in the _____________. Cenozoic era  Mineral replacement, carbon film and molds are a few examples of fossil preservation  Fossils are found in sedimentary rock  Shifts in the rock layer locations cannot account for gaps in the rock record false  ______________ can be used to date fossils in rocks to give an approximate age. radiocarbon dating  The difference in elevation between the highest and lowest contour lines on a topographical map is called: relief  The global positioning system uses a network of satellites to determine the latitude, longitude, and elevation of a specific area. true  New oceanic lithosphere is unable to form at mid-ocean ridges. false  Plate boundaries Convergent, Transform, Subduction zone  Geologists learn about the inner layers and the structure of the Earth by studying rock samples and seismic wave evidence. true  ____________ occurs when heat is transferred into an object through motion or movement; an example would be boiling water. convection  stress at a divergent plate boundary tension  Tension stress creates folded mountains, compression stress creates fault-block mountains, and the third type of mountain is volcanic. false  Normal faults form ________stress, reverse faults form __________stress and strike-slip faults form___________stress. tension, compression, shearing  The three major scales used to measure earthquakes are Mercalli Scale, Richter Scale and Magnitude Scale. true  A seismograph is used to map faults, monitor fault changes and predict earthquakes. true  The two major volcano regions are at the island arc and ring of fire. true  Magnetism, reactivity, and fluorescence are three special properties used to identify minerals. true  A narrow slab of minerals that is different from the surrounding rock is known as a _______. vein  Surface mining is more ecologically damaging than subsurface mining. true  Which of the following are ways that minerals are used? industry, construction, ,technology  Which of the following is a long-term consequence of mining on the Earth? erosion, an open pit, sedimentation  How does mining affect local populations? a. Mining is a vital part of the economy of surrounding towns. b. Mining introduces pollution into local water supplies. c. Mining disrupts local populations of flora and fauna.  The rock cycle forms new rocks using which of the following processes? crystallization, compaction, erosion  Andesitic rock is an igneous rock with a composition in between that of basaltic and granitic igneous rock. true  Foliated metamorphic rocks have mineral grains that are randomly placed. false  A kind of sedimentary rock formed from plant material over a long period of time is __________. coal  ____________ sedimentary rocks form from the remains of living things. organic What is 1550 dm expressed in hectometers? a. hm b. 155.0 hm c. 15.50 hm d. 1.55 hm D  vascular plant a plant with TUBES which allows water and food to move around the plant  nonvascular plant a plant with NO TUBES for water and food to move around EX: moss  gymnosperm a seed plant that DOES NOT produce flowers EX: pinecones  angiosperm a seed plant that PRODUCES flowers example: apple  phloem the tissue through which food (sugar) from the leaves moves throughout the rest of a plant. It flows both up and down the plant  xylem the tissue through which water and minerals move up through a plant. It only moves in one direction, up from the plant roots and leaves  transpiration the loss of water through a plant's leaves  cellular respiration the process in which energy is released from food (sugar) inside a cell  photosynthesis the food-making process in green plants that uses sunlight to make food  seed it contains an undeveloped plant, stored food, and a protective covering  root the part of the plant that absorbs water and minerals, stores food, and anchors the plant  leaf it has the job of carrying out photosynthesis or the plant process of making food  stem it supports the plant and serves as a transport sysem for the plant  consumer an organism that feeds on plants or other animals  producer something that makes something else, usually food. Plants are considered producers  decomposer an organism that breaks down dead plants and animals  deciduous the shedding of leaves yearly  conifers a plant that produces seeds in a cone; EX: a pine tree  cambium the layer that separates the xylem and phloem layers in a plant Which of the following is not a part of environmental science? a. interactions of organisms and the environment b. human impact on the environment c. organism interactions d. the components of a cell D Which of the following might be affected by the loss of a plant species? a.Only organisms that feed directly off the lost plant species will be affected. b.Other plant species will be affected, but no other organisms will. c.Multiple organisms may be affected by the loss of a plant species. d.No other organisms would be affected. C An environmental scientist might study the effect of soil pollution on plant growth. T How does the growing human population impact the Earth's natural resources? a. thinning of the Earth’s atmosphere b. depletion of the Earth's natural resources c. endangering Earth’s species d. rising ocean levels B In a lake ecosystem, the atmospheric sciences component of environmental science might deal with _______. a. air pollution b. study of lake organisms c. study of chemicals dissolved in the lake d. study of the impact of surface runoff A Plants are considered producers. T Which statement best explains why the Declaration of Independence does not directly address the issue of slavery? (Correct Answer is C) A)Thomas Jefferson's own plantation depended on the labor of enslaved people. B)Thomas Jefferson did not believe in the trade of enslaved people. C)Some of the colonies were in favor of slavery and others were opposed to it. D)Some of the colonists believed that enslaved people could help fight the British  Read the exce