NUR 2488 MENTAL HEALTH EXAM 1 STUDY
GUIDE
Theorists:
Freud: “father of psychiatry”
Believes psychological disturbances were related to events of early trauma or
events not remembered or recognized.
Formation of personality, conscious and unconscious influences, importance of
individual talk sessions, attentive listening, transference, countertransference
● Id: primary thought process, instinctive, pleasure seeking part of the
personality, lurks in the unconscious mind (EAT THE CAKE).basic pleasure
seeking( devil on shoulder) Impulsive, I WANT NOW Food, sex, sleep
Awareness (Pleasure principle, reflex action, primary process)
● Ego: ability to realistically evaluate situations (problem solver, reality
tester). Sense of self (PRESENT EVERY DAY). Current self
Mechanisms (Problem solver, reality tester)
● Super ego: primarily our conscience, moral component, influenced by family
and friends (DONT EAT THE CAKE). Morality (Angel on shoulder)
Moral compone
HINT: think of the movie Kronk, the devil on his shoulder is the Id, Ego is himself,
Superego is the angel on his other shoulder.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs:
Needs are placed on a pyramid, most basic and important needs are on the lower
level and have to be met before the needs at the top (self-actualization) can be
made.
Bottom to top:
● Physiological needs: the most basic needs, drives priority (food, water,
oxygen, sleep, sex, constant body temp) Bottom of pyramid
Food, water, oxygen, elimination, rest, and sex
● Safety needs: security, protection, freedom from fear/anxiety/chaos, law and
order. (Fall risk)
Security, protection, stability, structure, order, and limits
, NUR 2488 MENTAL HEALTH EXAM 1 STUDY
GUIDE
● Belongingness and Love Needs: need for an intimate relationship, love,
affection and belonging, wills seek to overcome feelings of loneliness. (Having a
family and home)
Affilitation, affectionate relationships, and love
● Esteem Needs: the need to have a high self-regard and have it relayed to
them from others, feel confident, valued and valuable.
Self-esteem related to competency, achievement, and esteem from others
● Self-Actualization needs: the path that will result in inner peace/fulfillment.
(What we strive to become as humans) (Top of pyramid)
Becoming everything one is capable of
● Self-Transcendence needs: when an individual “seeks to further a cause
beyond the self and to experience a communion beyond the boundaries of the self
through peak experiences”. Self-transcendent experiences are those in which a
person experiences a sense of identity that transcends or extends beyond the
personal self.
Erikson’s Stages of Development:
● Infancy: Trust vs Mistrust: birth to 1.5 years. Developing a basic sense of
trust, leading to hope and physical comfort.
● Early Childhood: Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt: 1.5 to 3 years. Gaining
self-control, independence with the environment.
● Preschooler: Initiative vs Guilt: 3 to 6 years. Achieve sense of purpose
and mastery of skills.
● School Age: Industry vs Inferiority: 6-12 years. Gain sense of self-
confidence and recognition thru learning, competing and performing. Competing in
sports
● Adolescence: Identity vs Role Confusion: 12-20 years. Integrate all the
tasks previously mastered into a secure self.
● Young Adulthood: Intimacy/Solidarity vs Isolation: 20-30 years. Forming
intense relationships, committing to another person, cause and institution.
, NUR 2488 MENTAL HEALTH EXAM 1 STUDY
GUIDE
● Adulthood: Generativity vs Self-Absorption: 30-65 years. Achieve life
goals, obtain certain awareness of future generations.
● Elderly: Integrity vs Despair: 65++. Obtaining self-worth, finding
meaning in one’s whole life.
Understand the role of neurotransmitters as related to disorders
Dopamine, Serotonin, Norepinephrine, GABA
Dopamine: “Alertness” associated with feelings of euphoria, bliss,
motivation, concentration
Serotonin: “Satisfaction” regulates mood, social behavior, appetite,
digestion, sleep, memory, and sexual desire and function
Norepinephrine: “Balanced mood” stress hormone “fight or flight
response”
GABA: promotes calm relaxation
What disorders are impacted by the neurotransmitters?
Dopamine
o Decrease: Parkinson disease and Depression
o Increase: Schizophrenia, mania
Norepinephrine
o Decrease: Depression
o Increase: Anxiety states
Serotonin
o Decrease: Depression
o Increase: Anxiety states
Histamine
o High levels associated with anxiety and depression
What class of medications are impacted by neurotransmitters (IE: SSRI impacts
Seratonin)
Antidepressant: serotonin
Antianxiety: GABA
Sedative hypnotic: histamine
Mood stabilizer: norepinephrine
Antipsychotic: dopamine
GUIDE
Theorists:
Freud: “father of psychiatry”
Believes psychological disturbances were related to events of early trauma or
events not remembered or recognized.
Formation of personality, conscious and unconscious influences, importance of
individual talk sessions, attentive listening, transference, countertransference
● Id: primary thought process, instinctive, pleasure seeking part of the
personality, lurks in the unconscious mind (EAT THE CAKE).basic pleasure
seeking( devil on shoulder) Impulsive, I WANT NOW Food, sex, sleep
Awareness (Pleasure principle, reflex action, primary process)
● Ego: ability to realistically evaluate situations (problem solver, reality
tester). Sense of self (PRESENT EVERY DAY). Current self
Mechanisms (Problem solver, reality tester)
● Super ego: primarily our conscience, moral component, influenced by family
and friends (DONT EAT THE CAKE). Morality (Angel on shoulder)
Moral compone
HINT: think of the movie Kronk, the devil on his shoulder is the Id, Ego is himself,
Superego is the angel on his other shoulder.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs:
Needs are placed on a pyramid, most basic and important needs are on the lower
level and have to be met before the needs at the top (self-actualization) can be
made.
Bottom to top:
● Physiological needs: the most basic needs, drives priority (food, water,
oxygen, sleep, sex, constant body temp) Bottom of pyramid
Food, water, oxygen, elimination, rest, and sex
● Safety needs: security, protection, freedom from fear/anxiety/chaos, law and
order. (Fall risk)
Security, protection, stability, structure, order, and limits
, NUR 2488 MENTAL HEALTH EXAM 1 STUDY
GUIDE
● Belongingness and Love Needs: need for an intimate relationship, love,
affection and belonging, wills seek to overcome feelings of loneliness. (Having a
family and home)
Affilitation, affectionate relationships, and love
● Esteem Needs: the need to have a high self-regard and have it relayed to
them from others, feel confident, valued and valuable.
Self-esteem related to competency, achievement, and esteem from others
● Self-Actualization needs: the path that will result in inner peace/fulfillment.
(What we strive to become as humans) (Top of pyramid)
Becoming everything one is capable of
● Self-Transcendence needs: when an individual “seeks to further a cause
beyond the self and to experience a communion beyond the boundaries of the self
through peak experiences”. Self-transcendent experiences are those in which a
person experiences a sense of identity that transcends or extends beyond the
personal self.
Erikson’s Stages of Development:
● Infancy: Trust vs Mistrust: birth to 1.5 years. Developing a basic sense of
trust, leading to hope and physical comfort.
● Early Childhood: Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt: 1.5 to 3 years. Gaining
self-control, independence with the environment.
● Preschooler: Initiative vs Guilt: 3 to 6 years. Achieve sense of purpose
and mastery of skills.
● School Age: Industry vs Inferiority: 6-12 years. Gain sense of self-
confidence and recognition thru learning, competing and performing. Competing in
sports
● Adolescence: Identity vs Role Confusion: 12-20 years. Integrate all the
tasks previously mastered into a secure self.
● Young Adulthood: Intimacy/Solidarity vs Isolation: 20-30 years. Forming
intense relationships, committing to another person, cause and institution.
, NUR 2488 MENTAL HEALTH EXAM 1 STUDY
GUIDE
● Adulthood: Generativity vs Self-Absorption: 30-65 years. Achieve life
goals, obtain certain awareness of future generations.
● Elderly: Integrity vs Despair: 65++. Obtaining self-worth, finding
meaning in one’s whole life.
Understand the role of neurotransmitters as related to disorders
Dopamine, Serotonin, Norepinephrine, GABA
Dopamine: “Alertness” associated with feelings of euphoria, bliss,
motivation, concentration
Serotonin: “Satisfaction” regulates mood, social behavior, appetite,
digestion, sleep, memory, and sexual desire and function
Norepinephrine: “Balanced mood” stress hormone “fight or flight
response”
GABA: promotes calm relaxation
What disorders are impacted by the neurotransmitters?
Dopamine
o Decrease: Parkinson disease and Depression
o Increase: Schizophrenia, mania
Norepinephrine
o Decrease: Depression
o Increase: Anxiety states
Serotonin
o Decrease: Depression
o Increase: Anxiety states
Histamine
o High levels associated with anxiety and depression
What class of medications are impacted by neurotransmitters (IE: SSRI impacts
Seratonin)
Antidepressant: serotonin
Antianxiety: GABA
Sedative hypnotic: histamine
Mood stabilizer: norepinephrine
Antipsychotic: dopamine
