NR293 Exam 1 Review
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PHARMACOLOGY
,Chapter 2: pharm principles
• Pharmacokinetics:
• Absorption
• Oral meds go through the first pass effect
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• IV meds are immediately available for use at the cellular/tissue level: Faster than oral route
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• Distribution
• Drug being disturbed throughout the body
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• Requires stable cardiovascular system
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• Metabolism
• Drug either activated, decreased activity, or totally inactivated
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• Primary drug is Liver
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• Decrease in liver function= decrease in metabolism, which may increase risk of toxicity
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• Excretion
• Drug leaving the body
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• Primary organ is the kidneys
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• Decrease in renal function= decrease in elimination of drug: if drug is still active, increases risk of toxicity
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, Half-life
• Time it takes for ½ of drug to be elimated from the body
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• 5 half-lives lead to steady state
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• 5 half-lives eliminate 97% of drug
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• Example: At 8 am: drug A has a serum level of 400 mg/dl and the half-life is 8
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ihours.
• 1st half-life 4 pm drug level is 200
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• 2nd half-life 12 amdrug level is 100
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• 3rd half-life 8 am drug level is 50
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• 4th half-life 4 pm drug level is 25
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• 5th half-life 12 amdrug level is 12.5 (approx. 97% drug is now gone)
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, Drug terms i
• Therapeutic Index i
• Safety of drug i i
• Low or narrow- difference between the therapeutic dose and a toxic dose is small: more risk of toxicity/drug
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reaction
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• High therapeutic index- difference between therapeutic dose and toxic dose is wide: safer drug
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• Agonist
• Drug binds to and stimulates one or more receptor sites in the body
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• Antagonist
• Drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more receptors
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• Also called an inhibitor
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• Partial agonist
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• Drug binds to and partially stimulates one or more receptor sites in the body
i i i i i i i i i i i i i
i i i
PHARMACOLOGY
,Chapter 2: pharm principles
• Pharmacokinetics:
• Absorption
• Oral meds go through the first pass effect
i i i i i i i
• IV meds are immediately available for use at the cellular/tissue level: Faster than oral route
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
• Distribution
• Drug being disturbed throughout the body
i i i i i
• Requires stable cardiovascular system
i i i
• Metabolism
• Drug either activated, decreased activity, or totally inactivated
i i i i i i i
• Primary drug is Liver
i i i
• Decrease in liver function= decrease in metabolism, which may increase risk of toxicity
i i i i i i i i i i i i
• Excretion
• Drug leaving the body
i i i
• Primary organ is the kidneys
i i i i
• Decrease in renal function= decrease in elimination of drug: if drug is still active, increases risk of toxicity
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
, Half-life
• Time it takes for ½ of drug to be elimated from the body
i i i i i i i i i i i i
• 5 half-lives lead to steady state
i i i i i
• 5 half-lives eliminate 97% of drug
i i i i i
• Example: At 8 am: drug A has a serum level of 400 mg/dl and the half-life is 8
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
ihours.
• 1st half-life 4 pm drug level is 200
i
i i i i i
• 2nd half-life 12 amdrug level is 100
i
i i i i
• 3rd half-life 8 am drug level is 50
i
i i i i i
• 4th half-life 4 pm drug level is 25
i
i i i i i
• 5th half-life 12 amdrug level is 12.5 (approx. 97% drug is now gone)
i
i i i i i i i i i i
, Drug terms i
• Therapeutic Index i
• Safety of drug i i
• Low or narrow- difference between the therapeutic dose and a toxic dose is small: more risk of toxicity/drug
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
reaction
i
• High therapeutic index- difference between therapeutic dose and toxic dose is wide: safer drug
i i i i i i i i i i i i i
• Agonist
• Drug binds to and stimulates one or more receptor sites in the body
i i i i i i i i i i i i
• Antagonist
• Drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more receptors
i i i i i i i i i i i i
• Also called an inhibitor
i i i
• Partial agonist
i
• Drug binds to and partially stimulates one or more receptor sites in the body
i i i i i i i i i i i i i
