Blood
- is a fluid connective tissue that circulates throughout the body
through blood vessels of the cardiovascular system
● living cells = formed elements (45% TBV)
● non-living matrix = plasma (55% TBV)
- accounts for less than 10 percent of human body weight
- functions include:
● supplying tissues with oxygen, which is needed by all cells
for aerobic cellular respiration
● supplying cells with nutrients, including glucose, amino acids,
and fatty acids
● removing metabolic wastes from cells, including carbon
dioxide, urea, and lactic acid
● helping to defend the body from pathogens and other foreign
substances
● forming clots to seal broken blood vessels and stop bleeding
● transporting hormones and other messenger molecules
● regulating the pH of the body, which must be kept within a
narrow range (7.35 to 7.45)
● helping to regulate body temperature (through
vasoconstriction and vasodilation)
CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD
● Blood ph is slightly alkaline, 7.35 - 7.45
● Blood temperature is slightly higher than body temp, 38℃ or 100.4℉
● Total blood volume is about 5-6 liters of blood in an average healthy
male adult and 4-5 liters in female
● Makes up 8% of total body weight
Why do males have higher oxygen demands in tissues than females?
✔ Androgen hormone stimulates growth and development which
results in greater muscle mass and higher oxygen demands in tissues
of males than in females
COMPONENTS OF BLOOD
Plasma
- liquid component of blood
- makes up 55% of blood by volume
- viscosity of blood
L.G. ROM
, - acid-base balance
- pale yellow fluid consists of about 91% water 7% proteins, and 2%
other components, such as ions, nutrients, gases, waste products, and
regulatory substances
○ Water: acts as a solvent and suspending medium for blood
components
○ Nutrients: source of energy and “building blocks” of more
complex molecules (glucose, amino acids, triglycerides)
○ Ions: involved in osmotic pressure (Na+ and Cl-), membrane
potentials (Na+ and K+), and acid-base balance (hydrogen,
hydroxide, and bicarbonate ions)
○ Respiratory gases: involved in aerobic respiration (oxygen
and carbon dioxide)
○ Hormones
○ Proteins: responsible for colloid osmotic pressure; major
contributors to blood viscosity; transport hormones (steroid),
fatty acids, and calcium; help; regulate blood pH
■ Albumin: important in blood buffer; regulates
osmotic pressure; 58% of plasma protein; water
movement in tissue and blood
■ Globulins: 38% of the plasma proteins; transport
molecule; clotting factor; attack viruses and bacteria
■ Fibrinogen: clotting factor that constitutes 4% of
plasma proteins
■ Antibodies and Complement: protects the body from
pathogens and antigens; part of the immune system
■ Clotting proteins: help to stem blood loss when
tissues and blood vessels are injured
○ Waste products: breakdown products of protein metabolism
(urea and ammonia salts) and red blood cells (bilirubin)
○ Regulatory substances: catalyze chemical reactions
(enzymes) and stimulate or inhibit many body functions
(hormones)
Blood Sugar
- mainly glucose
- FBS:
○ Normal = 4.2-6.4 mmol/L (75-115 mg/dl)
○ DM= >7mmol/L (>125mg/dl)
Lipids
- occurs as neutral fats, cholesterol, and phospholipids
L.G. ROM
, - used as a source of energy or stored fat
○ total cholesterol: <200
○ Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL): <100 (bad fats)
○ High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL): >40-60 (good fats)
Inorganic Salts
● Calcium, Sodium
- maintain heart function
● Salt ions
- give osmotic pressure to plasma
- e.g. CI, PO4, HCO3, SO4
● Calcium and Phosphorus
- used in blood coagulation
● Iodides
- synthesizes of thyroid hormones
● Iron
- hemoglobin synthesis
Special Plasma Substances Gases
● Hormones ● Oxygen
● Enzymes ● Carbon dioxide
● Clotting elements ● Nitrogen
● Antibodies
● Urea
● Uric acid
● Creatinine
L.G. ROM
- is a fluid connective tissue that circulates throughout the body
through blood vessels of the cardiovascular system
● living cells = formed elements (45% TBV)
● non-living matrix = plasma (55% TBV)
- accounts for less than 10 percent of human body weight
- functions include:
● supplying tissues with oxygen, which is needed by all cells
for aerobic cellular respiration
● supplying cells with nutrients, including glucose, amino acids,
and fatty acids
● removing metabolic wastes from cells, including carbon
dioxide, urea, and lactic acid
● helping to defend the body from pathogens and other foreign
substances
● forming clots to seal broken blood vessels and stop bleeding
● transporting hormones and other messenger molecules
● regulating the pH of the body, which must be kept within a
narrow range (7.35 to 7.45)
● helping to regulate body temperature (through
vasoconstriction and vasodilation)
CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD
● Blood ph is slightly alkaline, 7.35 - 7.45
● Blood temperature is slightly higher than body temp, 38℃ or 100.4℉
● Total blood volume is about 5-6 liters of blood in an average healthy
male adult and 4-5 liters in female
● Makes up 8% of total body weight
Why do males have higher oxygen demands in tissues than females?
✔ Androgen hormone stimulates growth and development which
results in greater muscle mass and higher oxygen demands in tissues
of males than in females
COMPONENTS OF BLOOD
Plasma
- liquid component of blood
- makes up 55% of blood by volume
- viscosity of blood
L.G. ROM
, - acid-base balance
- pale yellow fluid consists of about 91% water 7% proteins, and 2%
other components, such as ions, nutrients, gases, waste products, and
regulatory substances
○ Water: acts as a solvent and suspending medium for blood
components
○ Nutrients: source of energy and “building blocks” of more
complex molecules (glucose, amino acids, triglycerides)
○ Ions: involved in osmotic pressure (Na+ and Cl-), membrane
potentials (Na+ and K+), and acid-base balance (hydrogen,
hydroxide, and bicarbonate ions)
○ Respiratory gases: involved in aerobic respiration (oxygen
and carbon dioxide)
○ Hormones
○ Proteins: responsible for colloid osmotic pressure; major
contributors to blood viscosity; transport hormones (steroid),
fatty acids, and calcium; help; regulate blood pH
■ Albumin: important in blood buffer; regulates
osmotic pressure; 58% of plasma protein; water
movement in tissue and blood
■ Globulins: 38% of the plasma proteins; transport
molecule; clotting factor; attack viruses and bacteria
■ Fibrinogen: clotting factor that constitutes 4% of
plasma proteins
■ Antibodies and Complement: protects the body from
pathogens and antigens; part of the immune system
■ Clotting proteins: help to stem blood loss when
tissues and blood vessels are injured
○ Waste products: breakdown products of protein metabolism
(urea and ammonia salts) and red blood cells (bilirubin)
○ Regulatory substances: catalyze chemical reactions
(enzymes) and stimulate or inhibit many body functions
(hormones)
Blood Sugar
- mainly glucose
- FBS:
○ Normal = 4.2-6.4 mmol/L (75-115 mg/dl)
○ DM= >7mmol/L (>125mg/dl)
Lipids
- occurs as neutral fats, cholesterol, and phospholipids
L.G. ROM
, - used as a source of energy or stored fat
○ total cholesterol: <200
○ Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL): <100 (bad fats)
○ High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL): >40-60 (good fats)
Inorganic Salts
● Calcium, Sodium
- maintain heart function
● Salt ions
- give osmotic pressure to plasma
- e.g. CI, PO4, HCO3, SO4
● Calcium and Phosphorus
- used in blood coagulation
● Iodides
- synthesizes of thyroid hormones
● Iron
- hemoglobin synthesis
Special Plasma Substances Gases
● Hormones ● Oxygen
● Enzymes ● Carbon dioxide
● Clotting elements ● Nitrogen
● Antibodies
● Urea
● Uric acid
● Creatinine
L.G. ROM
